The impact of boreal autumn SST anomalies over the South Pacific on boreal winter precipitation over East Asia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Juan AO  Jianqi SUN 《大气科学进展》2016,33(5):644-655

The possible mechanism behind the variability in the dipole pattern of boreal winter precipitation over East Asia is analyzed in this study. The results show that the SST anomalies(SSTAs) over the South Pacific Ocean(SPO) in boreal autumn are closely related to the variability in the dipole pattern of boreal winter precipitation over East Asia. The physical link between the boreal autumn SPO SSTAs and the boreal winter East Asian precipitation dipole pattern is shown to mainly be the seasonal persistence of the SPO SSTAs themselves. The seasonal persistence of the SPO SSTAs can memorize and transport the signal of the boreal autumn SSTAs to the following winter, and then stimulates a meridional teleconnection pattern from the SH to the NH, resulting in a meridional dipole pattern of atmospheric circulation over East Asia in boreal winter. As a major influencing factor, this dipole pattern of the atmospheric circulation can finally lead to the anomalous precipitation dipole pattern over East Asia in boreal winter. These observed physical processes are further confirmed in this study through numerical simulation. The evidence from this study, showing the impact of the SPO SSTAs in boreal autumn,not only deepens our understanding of the variability in East Asian boreal winter precipitation, but also provides a potentially useful predictor for precipitation in the region.  相似文献   

Free allocation in the 3rd EU ETS period: assessing two manufacturing sectors     

Christian Stenqvist  Max Åhman 《Climate Policy》2016,16(2):125-144

This article provides an analysis of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and the harmonized benchmark-based allocation procedures by comparing two energy-intensive sectors with activities in three Member States. These sectors include the cement industry (CEI) and the pulp and paper industry (PPI) in the UK, Sweden, and France. Our results show that the new procedures are better suited for the more homogeneous CEI, in which the outcome of stricter allocation of emissions allowances is consistent between Member States. For the more heterogeneous PPI – in terms of its product portfolios, technical infrastructures, and fuel mixes – the allocation procedures lead to diverse outcomes. It is the lack of product benchmark curves, and the alternative use of benchmark values that are biased towards a fossil fuel-mix and are based on specific energy use rather than emission intensity, which leads to allocations to the PPI that do not represent the average performance of the top 10% of GHG-efficient installations. Another matter is that grandfathering is still present via the historically based production volumes. How to deal with structural change and provisions regarding capacity reductions and partial cessation is an issue that is highly relevant for the PPI but less so for the CEI.

Policy relevance

After an unprecedented amount of consultation with industrial associations and other stakeholders, a harmonized benchmark-based allocation methodology was introduced in the third trading period of the EU ETS. Establishing a reliable and robust benchmark methodology for free allocation that shields against high direct carbon costs, is perceived as fair and politically acceptable, and still incentivizes firms to take action, is a significant challenge. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges in effectively applying harmonized rules in industrial sectors that are heterogeneous. This is essential for the debate on structural reformation of the EU ETS, and for sharing experiences with other emerging emissions trading systems in the world that also consider benchmark methodologies.  相似文献   

The socialization potential of the CDM in EU–Vietnam climate relations     

David Belis  Bart Kerremans 《Climate Policy》2016,16(8):1048-1064

This article argues that the material incentives associated with climate policies such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) may contribute to the socialization of emerging economies such as Vietnam in economic-oriented climate change norms. In current academic research, the CDM has both been extolled as a cost-effective and vilified as an environmentally inadequate instrument. Few studies so far, however, have looked into the CDM's potential contribution to socialization-related phenomena such as raising climate change awareness. This article aims to fill that gap by studying the CDM in EU–Vietnam relations in four periods, namely initiation (2001–2007), improvement (2008–2010), consolidation (2010–2012), and potential habit formation (2012 and beyond), with both the EU and Vietnam being important players in the market for CDM credits (Certified Emission Reductions or CERs). We argue that there is at least a strong potential for habit formation resulting from the CDM's material incentives, and that the underlying causal mechanism involves the emergence and activities of norm entrepreneurs and habit formation through a process of legal institutionalization.

Policy relevance

Normative transformation or change is increasingly attracting the attention of both climate policy makers and scholars alike, certainly in view of the failures of ‘standard’ economic or technological solutions to tackle climate change. There is a need, however, to apply insights from social theory to specific policies and cases. The policy relevance of this article lies here: does the CDM (a specific policy) affect climate concerns (norms) in Vietnam (a specific case)? And, if so, to what extent and why? Based on previous research regarding the Chinese case, it is expected that the CDM's material incentives result in a mild effect in Vietnam, probably less pronounced than in China in view of the latter's relative level of economic development, and the strength of its political and legal-institutional system and (human) capacity to develop CDM projects. This article's research findings point out that whether and how ‘deep’ these new shared ideas will succeed in becoming standards of appropriate behaviour in Vietnam might to some extent depend on whether the international community is able to offer a material incentive structure that fosters such a normative transformation.  相似文献   

空间层次聚类显著性判别的重排检验方法     

唐建波  刘启亮  邓敏  黄金彩  蔡建南 《测绘学报》2016,45(2):233-240

同时顾及空间邻近与专题属性相似的空间层次聚类是挖掘空间分布模式的一种有效手段。空间层次聚类方法虽然可以获得多层次的聚集结构,但聚类结果显著性的统计判别依然是一个尚未解决的难题。为此,本文提出了一种空间层次聚类结果显著性的统计判别方法,用于确定空间层次聚类的停止准则,减少聚类过程对参数设置的依赖。通过试验分析与比较发现,该方法能够有效判别空间层次聚类结果的显著性和确定层次聚类合并过程的停止条件,同时具有很好的抗噪性,避免随机结构的干扰。  相似文献   

现代专题地图制图研究进展与趋势分析     

赵飞  杜清运 《测绘科学》2016,41(1):80-84

针对专题地图制作相关研究不足的问题,该文通过归纳总结专题地图理论与应用、网络共享等方面的研究进展,从功能转变、模式转变和内涵冲击三方面分析专题地图研究趋势,并探讨现有制图理论技术存在的不足之处。文章认为:研究专题地图符号的内在结构及统一构建方式,在符号学和微观语言学的理论框架下建立专题符号句法模式,注重对专题地图符号模型的整体描述,并通过相应制图模型的研究来优化制图过程,发掘和创新制图理论成果,将会促进专题地图理论的完善,深化专题符号的自适应表达。  相似文献   

“GIS工程设计”的实验教学模式研究     

郭庆胜  蔡忠亮 《测绘工程》2016,25(9):77-80

"GIS工程设计"的教学目的是培养学生GIS设计的综合能力,因此,该课程的实践教学很重要。本文提出将"GIS工程设计"的实践教学体系分为基础实验和综合设计两部分,研究实践教学安排,改善实习的考核体系和辅助教学方法,形成一套高效的实践教学模式。  相似文献   

宁镇扬丘陵区土地利用景观格局演变与模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张荣天  焦华富 《测绘科学》2016,41(3):85-90

针对CA模型不能长期预测和Markov模型不能反映空间格局变化的不足,本文运用CA-Markov耦合模型,结合动态度模型、景观格局指数及PCA法,定量揭示宁镇扬丘陵区镇江市的土地利用景观格局演变特征、驱动机制及变化趋势,为区域土地利用规划及调整提供参考。结果表明:镇江市土地利用景观格局时空演变愈加复杂;人口增长、经济发展、城镇化及农业技术进步是土地利用景观格局演变的主要驱动力;到2030年镇江市城区周边建设用地将增加25.58%,而耕地、林地等景观类型将不断锐减。  相似文献   

Grid pattern recognition in road networks using the C4.5 algorithm   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jing Tian  Fei Gao  Feng Zhao 《制图学和地理信息科学》2016,43(3):266-282

Pattern recognition in road networks can be used for different applications, including spatiotemporal data mining, automated map generalization, data matching of different levels of detail, and other important research topics. Grid patterns are a common pattern type. This paper proposes and implements a method for grid pattern recognition based on the idea of mesh classification through a supervised learning process. To train the classifier, training datasets are selected from worldwide city samples with different cultural, historical, and geographical environments. Meshes are subsequently labeled as composing or noncomposing grids by participants in an experiment, and the mesh measures are defined while accounting for the mesh’s individual characteristics and spatial context. The classifier is generated using the C4.5 algorithm. The accuracy of the classifier is evaluated using Kappa statistics and the overall rate of correctness. The average Kappa value is approximately 0.74, which corresponds to a total accuracy of 87.5%. Additionally, the rationality of the classifier is evaluated in an interpretation step. Two other existing grid pattern recognition methods were also tested on the datasets, and comparison results indicate that our approach is effective in identifying grid patterns in road networks.  相似文献   

Forest fragmentation in Massachusetts,USA: a town-level assessment using Morphological spatial pattern analysis and affinity propagation     

J. Rogan  T.M. Wright  J. Cardille  H. Pearsall  Y. Ogneva-Himmelberger  R. Riemann 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2016,53(4):506-519

Forest fragmentation has been studied extensively with respect to biodiversity loss, disruption of ecosystem services, and edge effects although the relationship between forest fragmentation and human activities is still not well understood. We classified the pattern of forests in Massachusetts using fragmentation indicators to address these objectives: 1) characterize the spatial pattern of forest fragmentation in Massachusetts towns using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA); and (2) identify regional trends using archetypal towns in relation to town history, geography and socioeconomic characteristics. Six fragmentation indicators were calculated using MSPA for each town to represent patterns and processes of fragmentation. We then used these indicators and the proportion of forested land to group towns across Massachusetts with similar patterns of fragmentation. Six representative towns typify different types of forest fragmentation, and illustrate the commonalities and differences between different fragmentation types. The objective selection of representative towns suggests that they might be used as the target of future studies, both in retrospective studies that seek to explain current patterns and in analyses that predict future fragmentation trends.  相似文献   

四川盆地早寒武世龙王庙期沉积特征与古地理   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

马腾  谭秀成  李凌  曾伟  金民东  罗冰  洪海涛  胡平 《沉积学报》2016,34(1):33-48

基于盆内及其周缘钻孔取芯和露头剖面资料,结合区域背景和龙王庙组地层充填厚度分析认为,四川盆地周缘龙王庙期北邻摩天岭微古陆和汉南古陆、西接康滇古陆,东南和东北分别为威信-黔江、石阡-秀山-龙山和镇巴-巫溪-巴东水下古隆起环抱;盆内呈近北东向展布的川中古隆起和阆中-通江坳陷、江津-奉节坳陷构成“一隆两坳”,南部泸州-筠连-昭通继承性坳陷依然存在;盆地及周缘向东北隅和东南隅分别接入秦岭洋和江南盆地。受此影响,龙王庙期发育连陆碳酸盐岩台地-斜坡-盆地沉积体系,连陆碳酸盐岩台地构成沉积主体,可识别出混积潮坪、局限-蒸发台地、半局限-局限台地和台地边缘沉积相类型;进一步通过碎屑岩含量与陆源方向、石灰岩、白云岩和膏盐岩含量与海域局限性和台地边缘相对位置、颗粒岩含量等分析,阐明了龙王庙期岩相古地理展布样式并建立了沉积模式。结果表明潮坪向海侧、水下古隆起、泸州-筠连-昭通坳陷周缘是颗粒滩有利发育区,乐山和资阳地区经由早寒武世早期的充填拼合作用已形成统一古隆起,震旦纪末期-早寒武世的南北向桐梓-筠连裂陷槽演变为泸州-筠连-昭通台内坳陷,研究成果对拓宽龙王庙组滩控岩溶型储层的勘探领域具有重要的指导作用。  相似文献