涡流地震检波器的特性及测试方法的研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘兆琦 《地球物理学报》1989,32(5):559-568

本文介绍了涡流地震检波器的工作原理、结构及其频率响应特性--涡流检波器的输出特性在固有频率之上是按外界激励频率的平方递增。高频灵敏度随着激励频率的增加而增高有助于弥补高频信号通过地层传播时的急剧衰减,从而提高了地震勘探的分辨率。在固有频率之下,则加强了低频滤波作用。 本文还以对单自由度线性振动系统的动态分析为基础,研究了利用实验幅频特性曲线来求该系统的固有频率和阻尼系数的方法,推导出必要的计算公式。最后举出一个应用实例,并检验了这种方法的可信度。  相似文献   

海洋风暴形成的一种动力学机制   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄立文  吴国雄  宇如聪  秦曾灏 《气象学报》2001,59(6):674-684

文中从观测统计学、瞬变涡动能量学和 MM5中尺度数值模拟角度 ,研究了海洋风暴 (爆发性气旋 )形成的气候特征及其可能的动力学机制 ,揭示了一幅爆发性发展的物理图像。结果表明 ,在冷季大气特别是日本以东洋面上大气特有的热力气候背景下 ,通过同海洋风暴过程相联系的涡动热通量 vθ的向极地输送 (- vθ· θm>0 ) ,将季节尺度的时间平均有效位能向瞬变涡旋时间尺度的涡动有效位能转换 ,是海洋风暴形成的主要动力机制。在该过程中转换来的具有最大贡献的涡动有效位能 ,连同具有次大贡献的积云加热制造的涡动有效位能(q3 )一起 ,通过暖异常区 (α >0 )暖湿空气上升运动 (-ω >0 )的斜压转换 (-ωα) ,促使涡动动能增长。同时 ,补充的涡动有效位能又加强了暖异常区的暖湿空气上升运动 ,进而产生积云对流活动及其潜热释放的正反馈过程 ,最终导致涡动动能急剧增长和海洋风暴的形成。海-气潜热输送的作用是在风暴形成初期提供后来积云尺度对流活动及潜热释放的水汽潜力。研究还表明 ,海洋风暴主要发生在冷季月份 1 3 0°E以东的中高纬洋面上 ,这种对特定季节和特定海域的依赖性是大气和海洋气候背景的动力 /热力共同作用的结果  相似文献   

变化涡动沾性系数的Ekman动量近似模式风场结构     

何京伟  谈哲敏 《气象科学》2001,21(4):433-444

在边界层动力学中，涡动粘性系数是影响边界层风场结构的一个重要参数。本文利用边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似理论，给出了涡动粘性系数随高度缓变条件下的Ekman动量近似边界层模式解，着重讨论了边界层的风场结构、水平散度、垂直涡度以及边界层顶部的垂直速度。结果分析表明：与常值涡动粘性系数情况相比，在边界层低层随高度增加的涡动粘性系数可以导致低层边界层风速随高度迅速增加，即风速垂直切变增加，同时风速矢与地转风之间的夹角减小。惯性项作用可以导致上述作用在气旋性区域减小、而在反气旋性区域增大。随高度增加的涡动粘性系数导致水平散度绝对值、垂直涡度绝对值以及边界层顶部的垂直速度绝对值在气旋性区域减小，而在反气性旋区域增大。涡动粘性系数与惯性之间的非线性相互作用是边界层动力学中重要过程。  相似文献   

A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH TO MODELING 3D SEDIMENT-LADEN TURBULENT FLOWS     

Donghuo ZHOU  Sam S.Y.WANG 《国际泥沙研究》1996,(1)

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Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matthias Mauder  Claudia Liebethal  Mathias Göckede  Jens-Peter Leps  Frank Beyrich  Thomas Foken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):67-88

Different aspects of the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of micrometeorological measurements were combined to create a comprehensive algorithm which was then applied to experimental data from LITFASS-2003 (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain—Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a long term Study). Eddy-covariance measurements of the latent heat flux were the main focus of the QA/QC efforts. The results of a turbulence sensor intercomparison experiment showed deviations between the different eddy-covariance systems on the order of 15%, or less than 30 W m⁻², for the latent heat flux and 5%, or less than 10 W m⁻², for the sensible heat flux. In order to avoid uncertainties due to the post-processing of turbulence data, a comprehensive software package was used for the analysis of experimental data from LITFASS-2003, including all necessary procedures for corrections and quality control. An overview of the quality test results shows that for most of the days more than 80% of the available latent heat flux data are of high quality so long as there are no instrumental problems. The representativeness of a flux value for the target land-use type was analysed using a stochastic footprint model. Different methods to calculate soil heat fluxes at the surface are discussed and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to select the most robust method for LITFASS-2003. The lack of energy balance closure, which was found for LITFASS-2003, can probably be attributed to the presence of low-frequency flux contributions that cannot be resolved with an averaging time of 30 min. Though the QA/QC system has been developed for the requirements of LITFASS-2003, it can also be applied to other experiments dealing with similar objectives.  相似文献   

Scalar Similarity for Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Methods     

Johannes Ruppert  Christoph Thomas  Thomas Foken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,120(1):39-63

The relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method allows the measurement of trace gas fluxes when no fast sensors are available for eddy covariance measurements. The flux parameterisation used in REA is based on the assumption of scalar similarity, i.e., similarity of the turbulent exchange of two scalar quantities. In this study changes in scalar similarity between carbon dioxide, sonic temperature and water vapour were assessed using scalar correlation coefficients and spectral analysis. The influence on REA measurements was assessed by simulation. The evaluation is based on observations over grassland, irrigated cotton plantation and spruce forest.Scalar similarity between carbon dioxide, sonic temperature and water vapour showed a distinct diurnal pattern and change within the day. Poor scalar similarity was found to be linked to dissimilarities in the energy contained in the low frequency part of the turbulent spectra ( < 0.01 Hz).The simulations of REA showed significant change in b-factors throughout the diurnal course. The b-factor is part of the REA parameterisation scheme and describes a relation between the concentration difference and the vertical flux of a trace gas. The diurnal course of b-factors for carbon dioxide, sonic temperature and water vapour matched well. Relative flux errors induced in REA by varying scalar similarity were generally below ± 10%. Systematic underestimation of the flux of up to − 40% was found for the use of REA applying a hyperbolic deadband (HREA). This underestimation was related to poor scalar similarity between the scalar of interest and the scalar used as proxy for the deadband definition.  相似文献   

Characteristics of secondary circulations over an inhomogeneous surface simulated with large-eddy simulation     

Thara V. Prabha  Anandakumar Karipot  Michael W. Binford 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(2):239-261

Large-eddy simulation is used to study secondary circulations in the convective boundary layer modulated as a result of horizontally varying surface properties and surface heat fluxes over flat terrain. The presence of heat flux heterogeneity and its alignment with respect to geostrophic wind influences the formation, strength and orientation of organized thermals. Results show boundary-attached roll formation along heat flux maxima in the streamwise direction. The streamwise organization of the updrafts and downdrafts formed downwind of heterogeneities leads to counter-rotating secondary circulations in the crosswind plane. The distribution of resolved-scale pressure deviations shows large pressure gradients in the crosswind plane. Spanwise and vertical velocity variances and heat flux profiles depict considerable spatial variability compared to a homogeneous forest simulation. Secondary circulations are observed for various ambient wind scenarios parallel and perpendicular to heterogeneities. In the presence of increased wind speed, thermals emerging from the heat flux heterogeneity are elongated, and organize along and downwind of large-scale heterogeneity in the streamwise direction. Simulation with a reduced heat flux shows a shallower circulation with a lower aspect ratio. Point measurements of heat flux inside the roll circulation could be overestimated by up to 15–25% compared to a homogeneous case.  相似文献   

The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: Intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods     

Matthias Mauder  Steven P. Oncley  Roland Vogt  Tamas Weidinger  Luis Ribeiro  Christian Bernhofer  Thomas Foken  Wim Kohsiek  Henk A. R. De Bruin  Heping Liu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):29-54

The eddy-covariance method is the primary way of measuring turbulent fluxes directly. Many investigators have found that these flux measurements often do not satisfy a fundamental criterion—closure of the surface energy balance. This study investigates to what extent the eddy-covariance measurement technology can be made responsible for this deficiency, in particular the effects of instrumentation or of the post-field data processing. Therefore, current eddy-covariance sensors and several post-field data processing methods were compared. The differences in methodology resulted in deviations of 10% for the sensible heat flux and of 15% for the latent heat flux for an averaging time of 30 min. These disparities were mostly due to different sensor separation corrections and a linear detrending of the data. The impact of different instrumentation on the resulting heat flux estimates was significantly higher. Large deviations from the reference system of up to 50% were found for some sensor combinations. However, very good measurement quality was found for a CSAT3 sonic together with a KH20 krypton hygrometer and also for a UW sonic together with a KH20. If these systems are well calibrated and maintained, an accuracy of better than 5% can be achieved for 30-min values of sensible and latent heat flux measurements. The results from the sonic anemometers Gill Solent-HS, ATI-K, Metek USA-1, and R.M. Young 81000 showed more or less larger deviations from the reference system. The LI-COR LI-7500 open-path H₂O/CO₂ gas analyser in the test was one of the first serial numbers of this sensor type and had technical problems regarding direct solar radiation sensitivity and signal delay. These problems are known by the manufacturer and improvements of the sensor have since been made. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

北太平洋风暴轴异常变化特征及其与纬向风场的关系研究   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

韩博  任雪娟  杨修群 《气象科学》2007,27(3):237-245

摘要本文通过对300 hPa5、00 hPa和850 hPa的北太平洋风暴轴(PST)的异常研究,分别提取出两个主异常模态进行比较。分析表明在三层的第一主模态都主要对应有PST异常的准10 a的周期变化;而对300 hPa和500 hPa的第二主模态,以及850 hPa的第三模态,对应有更长时间的趋势变化。进一步通过相关的分析,说明PST的异常从低层到高层的变化存在一定的一致性。通过PST与纬向风场在300 hPa的相关分析发现,两个模态与纬向风场的异常在空间上都呈同位相的分布,说明高层纬向风场异常与PST发展可能存在一种互相反馈的作用。进一步通过斜压增长率和水平两维的E-P通量矢的合成分析发现,这种反馈作用,无论从纬向风场异常所产生的环境斜压增长条件的改变,还是从平均动能与扰动动能的转化关系,都是存在的。  相似文献   

Dynamical Initialization of Boundary-Layer Data     

G. K. Sen  M. Chatterjee  D. K. Sinha 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(3):509-514

A procedure for the dynamic initialization of wind and temperature fields within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is presented. The procedure uses transilient turbulence theory to assess the turbulent fluxes from observed wind and temperature data, which are used to estimate the eddy transfer coefficients, so enabling a local closure ABL model to be integrated forward in time to a new steady state. The method has been applied to initialize kytoon data taken at Kharagpur (22.3° N, 87.2° E) during the MONTBLEX field programme. Results of a case study for 17 June 1990 are discussed.  相似文献