Governance and technology transfer in the Clean Development Mechanism in India     

Jon Phillips  Kasturi Das  Peter Newell 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1594-1604

Despite significant technological advances in emerging economies, the further development of clean energy technologies in developing countries remains crucial to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic development. In this paper we address two significant gaps in the growing body of literature that has assessed the role of the Clean Development Mechanism in promoting the transfer of clean technologies to developing countries. First, we present a qualitative analysis of the governance of the Clean Development Mechanism in India. This provides a basis for understanding the extent to which and the ways in which governance may impact upon the likelihood that projects promote technology transfer. Second, we provide a novel quantification of the level and nature of technology transfer that has occurred in Indian Clean Development Mechanism projects, based on insights from literature on technological capability building. We find that the Clean Development Mechanism in India has produced a negligible number of projects that promote technology transfer if technology transfer is understood as a process of learning about technology. Together these qualitative and quantitative analyses show how politics and governance have contributed to the current form of the Clean Development Mechanism market in India, in which processes of building indigenous technological capabilities have been neglected.  相似文献   

Internal gravity waves in a slowly varying,dissipative medium     

R. Grimshaw 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(2):131-148

Nonlinear internal gravity waves in a slightly dissipative, slightly compressible fluid are discussed for the case when the properties of the medium vary slowly on a scale determined by the local wave structure. A two‐timing technique is used to obtain transport equations which describe the changes in amplitude, phase and mean flow of a wave packet. Various solutions of these transport equations are discussed, with relevance to critical layer absorption.  相似文献   

Global spectra of energy and enstrophy and their fluxes during July 1979     

S S Desai  S K Mishra 《Journal of Earth System Science》1993,102(2):329-350

Transient and stationary spectra of kinetic energy (KE), available potential energy (APE) and enstrophy (EN), and their spectral fluxes as a function of the two-dimensional wavenumbern were computed for July 1979. Triangular truncation at zonal wavenumber 42 was used for computation. The slopes of various spectra in the wavenumber range 14≤n≤25 were obtained by fitting a straight line in log-log scale by the least square method. The transientKE, APE andEN spectra in the lower (upper) troposphere had slopes −2·21 (−2·30), −2·65 (−2·64) and −0·36 (−0·46), respectively. The effect of stationary and divergent motion on the slope values was investigated. The possible correlation between the slope and percentage of transient component in the combined energy and enstrophy was examined to identify the transient motion of the atmosphere with the two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The vertically averaged slope of kinetic energy and enstrophy in the lower (upper) troposphere was close to the value at 700 (200) hPa level. The spectral fluxes of kinetic energy and enstrophy in the wavenumber range 14≤n≤25 satisfied, to a very rough approximation, the criteria of inertial subrange. The stationary fluxes were small. The estimated stationary-transient component of flux was larger, comparable and less than the corresponding transient flux of APE, KE and EN. Representative levels for computation of energy and enstrophy spectra and their fluxes in the lower and upper troposphere were identified.  相似文献   

正压准共振三波能量和拟能的传输     

周学龙  陆维松 《热带气象学报》1994,10(3):257-266

从准地转正压涡度方程出发，在ｋ１＋ｋ２＋ｋ３＝△ｋ、ｌ１＋ｌ２＋ｌ３＝０和ω１＋ω２＋ω３＝０的准共振条件下，分析了准共振三波能量和位涡拟能的传输。当△ｋ很小时，准共振三波组的总能量和总拟能近似守恒；三波之间能量和拟能的传输方向与共振情况基本相同，但中波向长波传输较多能量、向短波传输较多拟能和三波之间产生能量与拟能传输这三者的可能非线性准共振的面积与共振时相比均有较大的变化，而三者的面积比也有较明  相似文献   

梅雨锋次天气尺度涡旋旋转风和辐散风动能收支   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2  

汪钟兴  刘勇 《高原气象》1994,13(1):28-34

本文选取１９９１年７月５日２０：００－６日２０：００梅雨锋上移动性次天气尺度涡旋引起的长江中下游特大暴雨为实例。采用准拉格朗日球坐标系的旋转风和辐散风动能方程，计算得到次天气尺度涡旋发展和成熟两个阶段对流层各层旋转风动能和辐散风动能的收支特征为：在对流层高层（１００－４００ｈＰａ）两个阶段的旋转风动能源汇相同，辐散风动能源汇有异，即水平动能通量项和“摩擦”项符号相反；在中层（４００－７００ｈＰａ）  相似文献   

Simulation of flow over pool-riffle topography: A consideration of the velocity reversal hypothesis     

P. A. Carling  N. Wood 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(4):319-332

Computer flow simulations using the HEC-2 step-backwater routine are used to demonstrate the effect of systematically varying river channel width, riffle spacing and channel roughness on the shear velocity, section-mean velocity and energy slope in fixed-bed pool-riffle sequences. Initial scaling is obtained by utilizing published information on hydraulic parameters within reaches of the River Severn. Subsequently this restriction is relaxed and the effect of varying parameter combinations within realistic limits is explored. The purpose of this exercise is to isolate those scenarios which may preclude or promote the occurrence of a competence ‘reversal’, such that pools scour at high flow whilst deposition occurs on riffles. It is concluded that rivers in which pools are hydraulically rougher than riffles are likely to demonstrate a competence reversal. For prescribed conditions, the critical discharge at which a reversal occurs is a negative function of riffle spacing and riffle width relative to pool width. Downstream variation in hydraulic roughness also has implications for the phase relationship of shear velocity maxima and minima in relation to the extremes in pool-riffle topography.  相似文献   

我国的经济地域结构与区域能源战略的关系初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李文彦  樊杰 《地理科学》1994,14(3):202-210

  相似文献   

北上热带气旋发展与不发展的对比分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

孙力  郑秀雅  王琪 《热带气象学报》1993,9(4):326-334

重点分析了一个北上热带气旋（８５０９号台风）变性发展过程中扰动能和扰动有效有效位能的收支平衡关系及其与中纬地区高空环境场、Ｑ矢量散度、旋度特征和锋生锋消现象的联系，并和与此台风前期路径及强度相似、但进入西风带后很快消失了的８４０６号台风的诊断结是要 进行了对比。结果表明：有利的大尺度环境是台风变性发展的主要因子和先决条件，斜压过程是否能有效和大量地制造扰动动能以抵消台风北上过程中的能量耗散是其能否  相似文献   

地幔滞弹性对Chandler摆动的影响     

朱耀仲 《地球物理学进展》1993,(2)

基于简正模扰动理论和勒夫数扰动方法,采用Zschau 的地幔流变模型,在假设Chandler摆动的能量全部耗散于地幔滞弹性摩擦的条件下,导出Chandler 摆动Q(Q_w)的理论值.还考虑了滞弹地球的平衡极潮对摆动的影响,所得结果与绝大部分天文实测值非常一致.分析表明.平衡部分的影响大,地幔滞弹性很可能是Chandler 摆动最主要的能量耗散源,Q_w 的理论值约为71.还推算了吸收带模型参数α,研究了该模型的适用性,并讨论了Q_w 与地幔Q(Q_m)的关系.  相似文献   

鲜水河断裂带多断层相互作用的流变断裂力学分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

白武明  王新华 《地球物理学报》1990,33(3):308-318

本文研究了流变介质内多断层的相互影响,通过对鲜水河断裂带的分析,对该断裂带提出一个不共线三断层的断裂力学模型.把介质考虑成流变的,用有限元法结合解析方法求解了流变断裂力学问题的应力、应变及能量场的时空变化.结果表明,多断层的力学场与单一断层的力学场相差甚远,在断层间形成了影响区.在影响区内应力集中,梯度大,分布复杂,应变能在影响区内形成较大范围集中.应变能等值线在孕震期间从影响区向外扩张,能量从外围流向断层区,流动在时空上都是不均匀的,孕育初期增加速率大,后期渐渐平缓.流向影响区的能量比其周围区域大,形成很大梯度.并讨论了地震前兆的某些特征.根据本文的结果,认为在道孚-乾宁-带发生地震的可能性较大.  相似文献