Energy Fluxes of an Open Water Area in a mid-Latitude Prairie Wetland     

G. G. Burba  S. B. Verma  J. Kim 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,91(3):495-504

Concurrent measurements of the surface energy balance components (net radiation, heat storage, and sensible and latent heat fluxes) were made in three communities (open water, Phragmites australis, Scirpus acutus) in a wetland in north-central Nebraska, U.S.A., during May-October, 1994. The Bowen ratio – energy balance method was used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. This paper presents results from the open water area. The heat stored in water (G) was found to play a major role in the energy exchange over the water surface. During daytime, G consumed 45–60% of R _n , the net radiation (seasonally averaged daytime G was about 127 W m^–2). At night, G was a significant source of energy (seasonally averaged nighttime G was about -135 Wm^–). The diurnal pattern of latent heat flux ( E) did not follow that of R _n . On some days, E was near zero during midday periods with large R _n . The diurnal variability in E seemed to be significantly affected by temperature inversions formed over the cool water surface. The daily evaporation rate (E) ranged from 2 to 8 mm during the measurement period, and was generally between 70 and 135% of the equilibrium rate.  相似文献   

Forest-Air Fluxes Of Carbon, Water And Energy Over Non-Flat Terrain   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

Xuhui Lee  Xinzhang Hu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,103(2):277-301

A field study of surface-air exchange of carbon, water, and energy was conducted at a mid-latitude, mixed forest on non-flat terrain to investigate how to best interpret biological signals from the eddy flux data that may be subject to advective influences. It is shown that during periods of Southwest winds (sector with mild topography), the eddy fluxes are well-behaved in terms of energy balance closure, the existence of a constant flux layer, consistency with chamber observations and the expected abiotic controls on the fluxes. Advective influences are evident during periods with wind from a steep (15%) slope to the Northeast of the tower. These influences appear more severe on CO₂ flux, particularly in stable air, than on the energy fluxes. Large positive flux of CO₂ (> 23 mol m^-2 s^-1) occurs frequently at night. The annual sum of the carbon flux is positive, but the issue about whether the forest is a source of atmospheric carbon remains inconclusive.Attempts are made to assess vertical advectionusing the data collected on a single tower. Over the Southwestsector, vertical advection makes a statistically significant but small contribution to the 30-min energy imbalance and CO₂ flux variations. Contributions by horizontal advection may be larger but cannot be verified directly by the current experimental method.  相似文献   

Mapping of Land-Atmosphere Heat Fluxes and Surface Parameters with Remote Sensing Data   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Francesca Caparrini  Fabio Castelli  Dara Entekhabi 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,107(3):605-633

A variational data assimilation scheme is used to infer two key parameters ofthe surface energy balance that control the partitioning of available energy intolatent, sensible, and ground heat fluxes (LE, H, and G). Remotely sensedland surface temperature (LST) is the principal data source. Maps ofdiurnal energy balance components are presented for a basin with varied landcover (Arno Basin, Italy) for a 18-day period in July 1996.Given available energy, the major unknown (dimensionless) parameters requiredfor partitioning among fluxes are: (1) Landscape effects on near-surfaceturbulence as captured by the bulk heat transfer coefficient C_BN underneutral conditions and (2) surface control of the relative magnitudes of LEand H as represented by the evaporative fraction E_F. The data assimilationscheme merges 1.1-km resolution remotely sensed LST images (based onoptical, thermal and microwave measurements from two different satelliteplatforms) into a parsimonious model of heat diffusion. Both the measurementsand the model predictions are considered uncertain. Posterior error statisticsthat represent uncertainty of the estimated parameters are also derived.Maps of C_BN show spatial patterns consistent with the dominant land useand basin physiography. Daily maps of E_F exhibit spatial variationscorresponding to land cover and land use – the day-to-day variations inE_F show fluctuations consistent with rain events and drydowns experiencedduring the period. Based on these parameters and available environmentalvariables, maps of diurnal LE and H may be produced (in this paper daytimeLE maps are reported).The application demonstrates that remotely sensed land surface temperaturesequences contain significant amount of information of the partitioning ofavailable energy among the fluxes. The variational data assimilation frameworkis shown to be an efficient and parsimonious approach without reliance onempirical relationships such as those based on vegetation indices.  相似文献   

Chemical evolution of disposal brine of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field during its transport toward surrounding soils, Mexico     

J. Ramírez-Hernández  S. G. García 《Environmental Geology》2004,46(6-7):721-726

The exceeding brines of Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field (CPGF) are disposed into a lagoon and part of them infiltrate into the upper aquifer. This work describes the geochemical processes of how geothermal brine reaches the soils to the south and southwest of CPGF according to local flow lines from piezometric measurements. Soil and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed in the CPGF and the surrounding area. The model was divided into three stages: (a) Capillary rising-evaporation; (b) Mixture: geothermal brine-irrigation water and (c) Mixture-capillary rising-evaporation. The modeling was carried out taking into account the saturation stage of each solution. The mixture models and evaporation process were carried out considering a mass balance. The proposed model shows the pollution processes due to power generation through accumulation of evaporation pond soluble salts on agricultural lands in the CPGF surrounding area.  相似文献   

The influence of Asian summer monsoon variability on the water balance of a Tibetan lake   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Carrie Morrill 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2004,32(3):273-286

Past water-balance changes in Tibetan lakes are generally attributed to changes in the strength of the summer monsoon. However, the water balance of a lake reflects many different water fluxes, which are controlled by many climatic and hydrologic processes. In this research, weather data and evaporation models are used to determine the climatic cause of a recent water-balance change in Ahung Co, a lake in central Tibet. Between 1995 and 2001, lake level rose at least 20 cm and the lake began to overflow. Results indicate that an increase in summer monsoon precipitation over the lake and drainage basin is responsible for the rise in lake level. Stronger monsoon conditions between 1995 and 2001 also led to decreased lake evaporation and basin evapotranspiration due to increased clouds and humidity. This contributed to the rise in lake level, but to a much smaller extent than the increase in monsoon precipitation. Lake evaporation during the spring and fall was also reduced between 1995 and 2001 due to longer lasting ice cover. Variations in ice cover play a small role in the overall water balance of Ahung Co, however, because the lake area is small compared to the drainage basin area. If these results hold true for the past, water-balance fluctuations inferred from the geochemistry of sediments from Ahung Co provide a record of variations in monsoon precipitation during the Holocene.  相似文献   

Complementary relationships for near-instantaneous evaporation     

Richard Crago  Raphael Crowley 《Journal of Hydrology》2005,300(1-4):199-211

The complementary relationship between actual and potential evaporation provides evaporation (i.e. evapotranspiration) estimates from minimal data. Some versions that require a land surface temperature instead of a humidity measurement could potentially be used with routine remotely sensed surface temperature data. A comparison of alternative complementary approaches, including those that require land surface temperatures, was made at small (10–30 min) time scales with point measurements spatially, using data from the FIFE, CASES, SGP, and Sahel field experiments. The advection-aridity version and a related version based on the Penman and the Priestley–Taylor equations performed the best overall. One of the four versions that incorporated land surface temperature performed fairly well. The complementary approach appears to remain viable, especially in remote sensing applications with sparse data.  相似文献   

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Fluxes of Energy, Water Vapour and Carbon Dioxide During OASIS 1994 and 1995   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

R. Leuning  M. R. Raupach  P. A. Coppin  H. A. Cleugh  P. Isaac  O. T. Denmead  F. X. Dunin  S. Zegelin  J. Hacker 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(1):3-38

  相似文献   

干旱缺水条件下麦田蒸散量的计算方法   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

康绍忠  熊运章 《地理学报》1990,45(4):475-483

本文从试验资料出发,分析了干旱缺水条件下的麦田蒸散规律,以水量平衡方程为基础,且综合考虑影响麦田蒸散的天气条件、土壤水分状况和小麦本身的生物学特性,选用蒸发力、相对土壤有效含水量和作物的叶面积指数三因素建立了干旱缺水条件下麦田蒸散量的计算模型以及农田土壤水分变化的预测方法。  相似文献   

盐湖卤水的蒸发结晶过程   总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3  

陈敬清  刘子琴 《盐湖研究》1994,2(1):43-51

本文从实验和理论相结合的角度上，总结了三十多年我国数十个盐湖等温蒸发和天然蒸发研究结果和研究经验，概括了三种类型盐湖卤水蒸发结晶的规律性，推荐了卤水蒸发结晶的相化学基础数据．对氯化物型卤水，由于介稳程度小，可采用Ｚｄａｎｏｖｓｋｉｉ推荐的四元体系Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｍｇ（２＋）∥Ｃｌ－—Ｈ２Ｏ平衡相图进行太阳池工艺计算；对于硫酸盐型卤水，宜用金作美五元体系Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｍｇ（２＋）∥Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ，－Ｈ２Ｏ介稳相图，而不是Ｖａｎ’ｔＨｏｆｆ平衡相图；对于后期，锂盐高度浓缩，宜用我们的四元体系Ｌｉ＋、Ｍｇ（２＋）∥Ｃｌ－、ＳＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ介稳相因；对于碳酸盐型盐湖卤水，可用我们的五元体系Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋∥Ｃｌ－、ＣＯ、ＳＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ介稳相图作为相化学基础，而不是Ｔｅｅｐｌｅ平衡相图．从相平衡热力学角度上，实现了对卤水蒸发结晶过程的理论描述、计算和预测．其中对一里坪、达布逊、东台吉乃尔、西台吉乃尔等盐湖卤水的研究结果尚属首次报道．  相似文献   

A method for determining thermophysical properties of organic material in aqueous solutions: Succinic acid     

I. Riipinen  B. Svenningsson  M. Bilde  A. Gaman  K.E.J. Lehtinen  M. Kulmala 《Atmospheric Research》2006,82(3-4):579

A method for determining evaporation rates and thermodynamic properties of aqueous solution droplets is introduced. The method combines evaporation rate measurements using modified TDMA technique with data evaluation using an accurate evaporation model. The first set of data has been collected and evaluated for succinic acid aqueous solution droplets.Evaporation rates of succinic acid solution droplets have been measured using a TDMA system at controlled relative humidity (65%) and temperature (298 K). A temperature-dependent expression for the saturation vapour pressure of pure liquid phase succinic acid at atmospheric temperatures has been derived by analysing the evaporation rate data with a numerical model. The obtained saturation vapour pressure of liquid phase succinic acid is ln(p) = 118.41 − 16204.8/T − 12.452ln(T). The vapour pressure is in unit of Pascal and the temperature in Kelvin. A linear expression for the enthalpy of vaporization for liquid state succinic acid is also presented.According to the results presented in the following, a literature expression for the vapour pressure of liquid phase succinic acid defined for temperatures higher than 461 K [Yaws, C.L., 2003. Yaws' Handbook of Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds, Knovel] can be extrapolated to atmospheric temperatures with very good accuracy. The results also suggest that at 298 K the mass accommodation coefficient of succinic acid is unity or very close to unity.  相似文献