Incursion of a large-volume,spatter-bearing pyroclastic density current into a caldera lake: Pavey Ark ignimbrite,Scafell caldera,England     

Peter Kokelaar  Pamela Raine  Michael J. Branney 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,70(1):23-54

The Scafell caldera-lake volcaniclastic succession is exceptionally well exposed. At the eastern margin of the caldera, a large andesitic explosive eruption (>5 km³) generated a high-mass-flux pyroclastic density current that flowed into the caldera lake for several hours and deposited the extensive Pavey Ark ignimbrite. The ignimbrite comprises a thick (≤125 m), proximal, spatter- and scoria-rich breccia that grades laterally and upwards into massive lapilli-tuff, which, in turn, is gradationally overlain by massive and normal-graded tuff showing evidence of soft-state disruption. The subaqueous pyroclastic current carried juvenile clasts ranging from fine ash to metre-scale blocks and from dense andesite through variably vesicular scoria to pumice (<10³ kg m⁻³). Extreme ignimbrite lithofacies diversity resulted via particle segregation and selective deposition from the current. The lacustrine proximal ignimbrite breccia mainly comprises clast- to matrix-supported blocks and lapilli of vesicular andesite, but includes several layers rich in spatter (≤1.7 m diameter) that was emplaced in a ductile, hot state. In proximal locations, rapid deposition of the large and dense clasts caused displacement of interstitial fluid with elutriation of low-density lapilli and ash upwards, so that these particles were retained in the current and thus overpassed to medial and distal reaches. Medially, the lithofacies architecture records partial blocking, channelling and reflection of the depletive current by substantial basin-floor topography that included a lava dome and developing fault scarps. Diffuse layers reflect surging of the sustained current, and the overall normal grading reflects gradually waning flow with, finally, a transition to suspension sedimentation from an ash-choked water column. Fine to extremely fine tuff overlying the ignimbrite forms ∼25% of the whole and is the water-settled equivalent of co-ignimbrite ash; its great thickness (≤55 m) formed because the suspended ash was trapped within an enclosed basin and could not drift away. The ignimbrite architecture records widespread caldera subsidence during the eruption, involving volcanotectonic faulting of the lake floor. The eruption was partly driven by explosive disruption of a groundwater-hydrothermal system adjacent to the magma reservoir.  相似文献   

龙岗火山群第四纪爆破式火山作用类型与期次研究   总被引：4，自引：8，他引：4  

白志达徐德斌  张秉良张焘 卜景 《岩石学报》2006,22(6):1473-1480

龙岗火山群位于吉林省辉南和靖宇县境内的龙岗山脉中段。火山活动始于新近纪，第四纪更新世为鼎盛期，全新世以来仍有较强的喷发活动，是中国近代活动火山区之一。火山碎屑物的堆积构造、组成、显微形貌和粒度特征表明，第四纪爆破式火山作用包括岩浆爆发、射汽一岩浆爆发和射汽爆发三种类型，以岩浆和射汽-岩浆爆发最为发育。区内爆破式火山活动具有多旋回、多期次、多阶段喷发特点。据火山地质特征，可划分为9期，由老至新为：早更新世早期、晚期；中更新世三角龙湾期、旱龙湾期和金龙顶子早期；晚更新世金川东期；全新世大翁圈期、红期林场期和金龙顶子晚期。爆破式火山灾害的范围较大，岩浆爆发中高危区的半径约10km。射汽-岩浆爆发影响的半径约4km。  相似文献   

Automatic classification of dome instabilities based on Doppler radar measurements at Merapi volcano, Indonesia: Part II     

M. Vöge  M. Hort  R. Seyfried  A. Ratdomopurbo 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,172(3):1207-1218

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Erratum to Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano,Chile     

David J. Kratzmann  Steven Carey  Roberto Scasso  Jose-Antonio Naranjo 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(4):477-439

The August 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano produced ~2.7 km³ (dense rock equivalent, DRE) of basaltic to trachyandesitic pyroclastic deposits, making it one of the largest historical eruptions in South America. Phase 1 of the eruption (P1, April 8) involved both lava flows and a phreatomagmatic eruption from a fissure located in the NW corner of the caldera. The paroxysmal phase (P2) began several days later (April 12) with a Plinian-style eruption from a different vent 4 km to the south-southeast. Tephra from the 1991 eruption ranges in composition from basalt (phase 1) to trachyandesite (phase 2), with a distinct gap between the two erupted phases from 54–60 wt% SiO₂. A trend of decreasing SiO₂ is evident from the earliest part of the phase 2 eruption (unit A, 63–65 wt% SiO₂) to the end (unit D, 60–63 wt% SiO₂). Melt inclusion data and textures suggest that mixing occurred in magmas from both eruptive phases. The basaltic and trachyandesitic magmas can be genetically related through both magma mixing and fractional crystallization processes. A combination of observed phase assemblages, inferred water content, crystallinity, and geothermometry estimates suggest pre-eruptive storage of the phase 2 trachyandesite at pressures between ~50–100 megapascal (MPa) at 972 ± 26°C under water-saturated conditions (log fO₂ –10.33 (±0.2)). It is proposed that rising P1 basaltic magma intersected the lower part of the P2 magma storage region between 2 and 3 km depth. Subsequent mixing between the two magmas preferentially hybridized the lower part of the chamber. Basaltic magma continued advancing towards the surface as a dyke to eventually be erupted in the northwestern part of the Hudson caldera. The presence of tachylite in the P1 products suggests that some of the magma was stalled close to the surface (<0.5 km) prior to eruption. Seismicity related to magma movement and the P1 eruption, combined with chamber overpressure associated with basalt injection, may have created a pathway to the surface for the trachyandesite magma and subsequent P2 eruption at a different vent 4 km to the south-southeast. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

南极长城站雪暴的个例研究          下载免费PDF全文

杨清华  尹朝晖  张林  邢建勇  苏博 《极地研究》2010,22(2):141-149

综合使用NCEP分析、站点观测、地面天气图及卫星云图等资料,从地面和高低空天气形势、气象要素变化、大气垂直和水平结构等方面对南极长城站的一次强雪暴天气过程进行了分析研究。该雪暴发生于2006年8月29日,极大风速33.3ms-1,最低水平能见度不足10m。分析认为本次过程发生在“南高北低”的天气形势下,“南高北低”引发的偏东大风是雪暴发生的先决条件。来自南极内陆冷空气的低空东风急流给长城站带来了显著的降温、减湿,使本次雪暴带有明显的低温低湿特征。高空暖平流输送为雪暴的发生提供了充足的水汽条件。中低层深厚的气旋性涡度,高空辐散、低层辐合的散度场配置和强烈的上升运动导致高层暖湿气流和低层干冷气流的充分混合,是导致长城站出现强降雪、进而引发雪暴的动力原因。雪暴后期伴有明显的低层逆温,其本质是上暖下冷的气团垂直结构,它对雪暴后期的维持可能起着重要作用。  相似文献   

海洋温带气旋爆发性发展数值试验   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  

黄立文  秦曾灏  吴秀恒  邹早建 《气象学报》1999,57(4):410-427

利用 Ｐ Ｓ Ｕ／ Ｎ Ｃ Ａ Ｒ Ｍ Ｍ ４ 对５ 个西北太平洋温带气旋的爆发性发展进行了一系列数值模拟和敏感性试验,并对重要的物理过程进行了分析和诊断。采用相同物理过程及边界条件的控制试验成功地模拟出了主要的爆发性气旋加深率,为海洋爆发性气旋的业务数值预报提供了可能。敏感性试验获得了湿物理过程、能量频散、 Ｓ Ｓ Ｔ 和海面能通量、日本岛地形及初、边值条件等影响气旋加深率的定量认识,分析表明水的微物理过程,特别是网格尺度的水汽凝结、未饱和层的云滴和雨滴蒸发,是气旋爆发性发展中最重要的物理过程;在高空 ２００～３００ｈ Ｐａ 层的云滴蒸发效应可能是形成相应层气旋中心非绝热冷却峰值的主要原因;由内在热力动力学过程所决定的潜热释放比对流参数化任意规定的加热分布更接近实际并能产生更好的模拟结果;没有能量频散效应时可减小模拟加深的 ３０％ ;海面能通量在初始时刻比在爆发性发展时更重要,不计初始时海面能通量将影响模拟加深约 ２５％ ,而不计爆发性发展时的海面能通量,这种影响不及前者的一半;爆发性发展时的海面能通量呈不均匀分布并能诱导反锋面热力环流在局部抑制气旋的加深;大气模式对海气边界层能通量交换的变化和海洋增暖产生了显著的热力学响  相似文献   

Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes     

Charles R. Stern 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2008,70(4):435-454

For regionally widespread Holocene tephra layers in southernmost Patagonia, correlations based on both chemical and chronological data indicate their derivation from five large-volume (>1 km³) explosive eruptions of four different volcanoes in the southernmost Andes. Bulk-tephra and tephra-glass major and trace-element chemistry and Sr isotopic ratios unambiguously distinguish different source volcanoes, and imply that two of the regionally widespread tephra (MB₁ and MB₂) were derived from Mt. Burney (52°S), one (R₁) from Reclus (51°S), one (A₁) from Aguilera (50°S) and one (H₁) from Hudson volcano (46°S). The H₁ tephra derived from the Hudson volcano, which is located at the southern end of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ; 33–46°S), contains distinctive greenish andesitic glass with FeO > 4.5 wt.% and TiO₂ > 1.2 wt.%. In contrast, rhyolitic glass in tephra derived from the eruptions of Mt. Burney, Reclus and Aguilera volcanoes, which are located in the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ; 49–55°S), is clear and transparent and has significantly lower FeO and TiO₂. Tephra derived from these three AVZ volcanoes all contain plagioclase, orthopyroxene, minor clinopyroxene and amphibole. Biotite occurs only in the Aguilera A₁ tephra, which also has the highest bulk-tephra and tephra-glass K₂O and Rb contents. Averages of new and published ¹⁴C ages determined on organic material in soil and sediment samples above and below these tephra constrain the uncalibrated ¹⁴C age of the R₁ eruption of Reclus volcano to 12,685 ± 260 years BP, the MB₁ and MB₂ eruptions of Mt. Burney to 8,425 ± 500 and 3,830 ± 390 years BP, the Hudson H₁ eruption to 6,850 ± 160 years BP, and the A₁ eruption of Aguilera volcano to 3,000 ± 100 years BP. The volume of the largest of these eruptions, H₁ of the Hudson volcano, is estimated as >18 km³. The volume of the Reclus R₁ eruption is estimated at >10 km³, the Aguilera A₁ eruption at between 4 and 9 km³, and the younger Mt. Burney MB₂ eruption at ≥2.8 km³. The volume of the older MB₁ Mt. Burney eruption is the least well constrained, but must have been larger than the younger MB₂ eruption. The data indicate that the frequency of explosive activity of volcanic centers in the AVZ is lower than in the southern SVZ.  相似文献   

Luminescence dating of cyclone-induced washover fans at Point Lefroy (NW Australia)     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2017

Reliable age dating of coastal sedimentary landforms is crucial for inferring storm frequencies and magnitudes from geological archives. However, in highly energetic coastal settings, radiocarbon dating is often biased by reworking and/or poorly constrained marine reservoir effects. Due to this, most cyclone-driven sediment archives from the semiarid coast of NW Australia – a region frequently affected by tropical cyclones but with a historical record limited to ∼150 a, and therefore strongly in need of long-term data inferred from geological evidence – are affected by chronological inaccuracies. Optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) may overcome these shortcomings by dating the transport of sediment directly. In turn it may be related to other challenges when applied to cyclone deposits from semiarid environments. The cyclone-induced washover fans at Point Lefroy, NW Australia, are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of coral fragments, shell hash and siliciclastic sand. This makes them particularly prone to high dose scatter resulting from a combination of partial bleaching, sediment mixing and dose-rate heterogeneity. The washover fans are further characterised by a discontinuous nature of cyclone deposition, as indicated by erosional features and macroscopic brunification horizons. By using a combination of quartz single grain dating, autoradiography, alpha counting and gamma spectrometry, sediment mixing and dose rate heterogeneity are identified as the main sources of dose scatter. The resulting chronology allows us to discriminate at least four well constrained phases of washover fan activity at ∼180, ∼360, ∼870, and ∼1300 a ago. Older but less well constrained activity phases occurred ∼1950, ∼2300, and ∼2830 a ago. While these phases of increased cyclone activity correlate with depositional units separated by potential palaeosols, OSL ages, quasi-continuous portable OSL reader measurements and gamma spectrometry measured with increased sampling resolution point to deposition of distinct washover units within a very short period of time. However, unambiguous discrimination between deposition of individual units by single events and deposition by several cyclones within periods of only a few decades is currently not possible.  相似文献   

一种基于深度学习的热带气旋路径集成预报方法     

耿逍懿  郝坤  史振威 《海洋科学》2022,46(2):74-86

本文提出了一种基于深度学习的热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)路径集成预报方法.该方法以长短期记忆深度网络为模型构架,利用前4个时刻(24 h,间隔6 h)及当前时刻的TC路径记录,以及由不同环境因素所计算的方向预报因子作为输入,分别直接预报和间接(通过预报移动速度)预报路径,集成两者预报结果实现时效为...  相似文献   

藏北一次局地爆发性浓雾特征与成因分析     

旦增卓玛  旺堆杰布  桑秋璐  达瓦泽仁  旦卓玛 《气象与环境学报》2021,37(5):1-7

利用那曲市色尼区常规气象观测资料,结合NCEP（1°×1°）、Era5（0.25°×0.25°）再分析资料,从天气学角度对2019年4月10日藏北一次浓雾天气的形成机制、物理结构特征以及局地性爆发的成因进行诊断分析。结果表明：此次浓雾具有局地爆发性特征;前期积雪融化的水汽蒸发配合风场辐合作用,为此次大雾的形成提供了水汽条件;500 hPa环流背景及边界层内上层暖平流与下层冷平流配置,为大雾的形成提供了弱风与稳定层结条件,从而雾得以发展且维持;夜间少云,地表净辐射加强,降温冷却作用导致水汽达到饱和状态,利于水汽凝结形成无数悬浮于空气里的小雾滴;近地层风速小、逆温及下沉运动使水汽不易向高空扩散,在相对有限的空间内水汽大量汇聚,导致大雾爆发性发展;大雾的局地性与特殊地形关系密切。  相似文献