Crack-fill porphyroblastesis     

Andrew J. Barker 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2002,20(2):283-294

Garnet‐mica schists from the Scottish Highlands provide new insight into an important mechanism of phyllosilicate growth, termed ‘crack‐fill porphyroblastesis’. It is shown that grain boundary dilatancy, microcracking and porphyroblast‐matrix decoupling all play a significant role in facilitating growth in regimes of noncoaxial shear. With respect to chlorite porphyroblasts, there are three growth stages. Following nucleation, the initial phase of growth is by progressive matrix replacement, to preserve inclusion trails of fine carbonaceous material. The second growth stage produced new optically continuous inclusion‐free chlorite on the {001} margins of those crystals at a high angle to the schistosity. This growth results from decoupling at the porphyroblast–matrix contact on those margins at a high angle to the principal axis of extension. The development of dilatant cracks at porphyroblast margins provides a sink for material migrating down P_f and chemical potential gradients. This causes precipitation of new optically continuous ‘clear’ chlorite on the pre‐existing, heavily included core. The porphyroblast–matrix boundary continues to dilate after porphyroblast growth had terminated, producing plano‐convex quartz‐rich strain shadows. Similar growth behaviour is recognised in biotite porphyroblasts, indicating that ‘crack‐fill porphyroblastesis’ is an important growth mechanism for phyllosilicates in actively deforming metamorphic rocks. It also indicates that decoupling and crack‐fill development at porphyroblast margins could be important in controlling the pattern of material transfer, and may have significant implications for matrix permeability and fluid‐flow characteristics.  相似文献   

THE PEATLAND/ICE AGE HYPOTHESIS REVISED, ADDING A POSSIBLE GLACIAL PULSE TRIGGER     

LARS G. FRANZÉN  ROGER A. CROPP 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2007,89(4):301-330

Carbon sequestering in peatlands is believed to be a major climate‐regulating mechanism throughout the late Phanerozoic. Since plant life first evolved on land, peatlands have been significant carbon sinks, which could explain significant parts of the large variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide observed in various records. The result is peat in different degrees of metamorphosis, i.e. lignite, hard coal and graphite. During phases of extensive glaciations such as the 330–240 Ma Pangea Ice Age, atmospheric carbon dioxide was critically low. This pattern repeats itself during the Pleistocene when carbon dioxide oscillates with an amplitude of c. 200–300 ppmv. This paper suggests that the ice age cycles during the Pleistocene are generated by the interglacial growth of peatlands and the subsequent sequestering of carbon into this terrestrial pool. The final initiation of ice age pulses towards the end of inter‐glacials, on the other hand, is attributed to the cyclic influx of cosmic dust to the Earth surface, which in turn regulates cloud formation and the incoming shortwave radiation. These shorter cycles have a frequency of c. 1000‐1250 years and might be connected to sunspot or other low frequency solar variations. In a wider context the ice age cycling could be regarded as an interplay between terrestrial life on the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere and the marine subsurface life in the southeast. If the results presented here are correct, the present global warming might just be the early part of a new warm period such as the Bronze Age and the Roman and Medieval Warm periods. This could be caused by entry into another phase of decreasing influx rates of cosmic dust. The increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide might have contributed to this warming but, most important of all, it might temporarily have saved us from a new ice age pulse.  相似文献   

真实自回避行走中晶体生长界面结构的分形行为     

彭年刘永顺  聂保锋刘宁强 《岩石矿物学杂志》2007,26(5):449-452

晶体生长过程实际上就是生长基元从周围环境中不断地通过界面而进入晶格座位的过程。一般认为,研究生长基元以何种方式以及如何通过界面进入晶格座位是晶体生长界面结构研究中的关键。在生长基元以分子或者原子的微粒子形式在生长环境中进行无规游走的前提下,本文运用真实自回避行走(TSAW)模型,通过重整化群思想来研究晶体生长界面结构的分形行为。研究发现:晶体生长界面结构的分形行为与生长基元的游走路径形态密切相关,并且在理想状况下真实自回避行走与标准Koch曲线的分形维极为接近。  相似文献   

Three Stages of Zircon Growth in Magmatic Rocks from the Pingtan Complex, Eastern China          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Xiang W. L. GRIFFIN S. Y. O＇REILLY LI Wuxian 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(1):68-80

Morphological and chemical studies on zircon grains from gabbro and granite of the Pingtan magmatic complex, Fujian Province, eastern China, show that there are three stages of zircon growth. The early stage of zircon growth is characterized by colorlessness, high transparence and birefringence, low and dispersive Ipr and Ipy, weak and homogeneous BSE brightness, lower Hf content and depletion of U, Th and Y; the middle stage is characterized by abruptly increasing lpy, progressively strong and sectoral-zoning BSE brightness, higher Hf content and enrichment of U, Th and Y with Th/U 〉 1; the late stage of growth is characterized by brownish color, poor transparence, low birefringence, highest Ipr and Ipy, middle and oscillatorily-zoning BSE brightness, highest contents of Hf, U and Y with Th/U 〈 1. The stages are considered to be formed in a deep magma chamber, ascent passage and emplacement site, respectively. Due to the more or less long residual time of the magma chamber, the difference in age between the early and late stages of zircon might be great enough to be distinguished, which can be attributed to tectonic constraint for the magnlatism.  相似文献   

大别地体超高压变质岩石锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2  

陈道公倪涛  谢烈文 《岩石学报》2007,23(2):331-342

对大别山南部超高压变质带双河和黄镇地区的榴辉岩、片麻岩和硬玉石英岩中变质锆石进行了原位LA-MC-ICP- MS的Lu-Hf同位素分析。双河和黄镇的榴辉岩及双河的硬玉石英岩有低~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf和低~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf组成,两地的片麻岩有高~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf比和高且分散的~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf组成。锆石Hf同位素分布主要受变质原岩的形成时代控制,增生锆石基本上继承了原岩锆石的Hf同位素特征,既有增生锆石相对有低~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf和高~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf、继承重结晶锆石相对有高~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf和低~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf的特征,也有二者相互重叠没有区别的,它主要受原岩性质和变质过程中锆石遭受的溶蚀程度控制。增生锆石的低Lu/Hf是锆石在变质过程中Lu含量下降和Hf含量增高造成的,增生锆石的高~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf继承自岩石中其它高Lu/Hf比矿物的长期演化。继承锆石的初始Hf同位素组成ε_(Hf)值和亏损地幔模式年龄T_(DM)示踪表明,各超高压变质原岩的时代和成因是复杂的:双河榴辉岩原岩物质源自25亿年的亏损地幔和至少27亿年以上的古老晚太古地壳混合。双河片麻岩原岩年龄相同,但有不同的壳幔混合物源。黄镇榴辉岩原岩主要源于亏损幔源岩浆形成的初生地壳的重循环,很少的地壳混染。黄镇片麻岩和榴辉岩的物源区年龄相同。两地片麻岩原岩物源主要来自弱亏损地幔,存在古老地壳物质和地幔物质的混合。大别地区超高压变质岩锆石的Lu-Hf同位素特征主要反映了7～8亿年和18～19亿年时扬子克拉通北缘地区的岩浆活动特点和大地构造环境。  相似文献   

Effects of orientation on the diffusive properties of fluid-filled grain boundaries during pressure solution     

R. van Noort  C. J. Spiers  C. J. Peach 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(2):95-112

An unresolved issue in the study of pressure solution in rock materials is the dependence of grain boundary structure and diffusive properties on the mutual orientation of neighbouring grain lattices. We report electrical measurements yielding the diffusivity of differently oriented halite–glass and halite–halite contacts loaded in the presence of brine. The halite–glass contact experiments show pressure solution of the halite and an effect of halite lattice orientation on grain boundary transport. Post-mortem observations show an orientation-dependent grain boundary texture controlled by the periodic bond chains in the halite structure. It is inferred that this texture determines the internal grain boundary structure and properties during pressure solution. In the halite–halite experiments neck-growth occurred, its rate depending on twist-misorientation. The results imply that deformation by pressure solution may lead to lattice-preferred orientation development, and that polymineralic rocks may deform faster at lower stresses than monomineralic rocks.  相似文献   

Crystallisation of sodium sulfate: supersaturation and metastable phases   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Selma Genkinger  Andrew Putnis 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):329-337

Crystallisation of sodium sulfate solutions by evaporation under controlled climatic conditions has revealed the existence of crystalline hydrated sodium sulfate salts not previously reported. The sodium sulfate phase crystallising and the concentration of the solution at the point of crystallisation depends on the climatic conditions (temperature and evaporation rate). During the rehydration of the anhydrous sodium sulfate phase, thenardite, another previously unreported phase was formed prior to the nucleation of the stable phase, mirabilite Na₂SO₄ · 10H₂O. The addition of organic inhibitors changes both the crystallisation and the rehydration behavior in this system.  相似文献   

试论苏北旅游成长三角的构建   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

司绪华  马晓冬  范淑青 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(5):109-112

苏北旅游业发展落后于苏南和苏中,在江苏省属于第三梯队。连云港、徐州和淮安具有地域邻近、交通便利、旅游资源互补、客源市场趋同等优势,运用"成长三角"结构模式,打造苏北旅游成长三角合作区,以政府层面的合作为主导,以旅游企业的合作为主体,采用3 X的扩容机制,通过互补资源的整合、统一形象的定位、客源市场的共同开拓,打造江苏省旅游业发展的新隆起区(第三极)。  相似文献   

25年来秦俑馆旅游生命周期与结构变化研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

孙根年  薛刚 《干旱区地理》2007,30(2):283-288

将旅游地的成长看成是有生命的自组织过程,以1980-2005年统计数据,着眼陕西秦始皇兵马俑博物馆入境旅游、国内旅游、客源结构、人均消费及旅游收入的变化过程分析,从新角度探讨了旅游地的成长与结构变化的关系,丰富了对旅游地生命周期的认识。结果发现,秦俑馆入境旅游呈“扇贝型”增长,国内旅游为“主循环-再循环型”周期波动,入境游客在总游客中所占比例逐渐提高,人均旅游消费额不断提升,致使旅游经济收入摆脱了客流量生命周期的影响而得益延长,为我国国际名牌旅游产品从外延性客流量增长走向内涵型旅游收入增长提供了某些借鉴。  相似文献   

甘蒙柽柳幼苗生长动态及其对沙漠腹地生境条件的适应策略     

魏疆  张希明  马文东  单立山  闫海龙 《干旱区地理》2007,30(5):666-673

沙漠腹地水是限制植物生长发育的主要因子。而植物改变其根系的生长速度,利用深层土壤水是抗旱的重要机制。试验中采用一次性灌溉的方法探讨防护林主要物种之一甘蒙柽柳(Tamarix austrom ongolica)幼苗在土壤水分逐渐旱化条件下的生长发育状况。分别在五月,七月,九月和十月采用水冲法和壕沟法将幼苗根系全部冲出,并测量各项生长指标。结果显示在逐渐旱化的生境中,柽柳幼苗生长在时间和空间上表现出不同的适应特征。柽柳幼苗垂直根和水平根的最大生长速率出现时间均早于地上株高和冠幅的最大生长速率所出现的时间。垂直根的生长速率分别为:1.178,0.150,0.089和0.133 cm/d;株高的生长速率分别为:0.127,0.107,0.070和0.053 cm/d。说明柽柳幼苗根系在空间上具有生长速度的优势。整个生长季中幼苗地上、地下生物指标的生长速率在垂直方向呈现"逐渐递减"趋势,水平方向则呈现出此消彼长相互交替的生长趋势,同时柽柳幼苗根冠比在不同时期分别为:0.602,0.589,0.636和0.634 cm/d。这些特性是柽柳幼苗适应逐渐旱化生境生长策略选择的综合表现。  相似文献