Using multivariate statistical analysis of groundwater major cation and trace element concentrations to evaluate groundwater flow in a regional aquifer     

Klaus J. Stetzenbach  Irene M. Farnham  Vernon F. Hodge  Kevin H. Johannesson 《水文研究》1999,13(17):2655-2673

Groundwater samples were collected from 11 springs in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in southern Nevada and seven springs from Death Valley National Park in eastern California. Concentrations of the major cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) and 45 trace elements were determined in these groundwater samples. The resultant data were subjected to evaluation via the multivariate statistical technique principal components analysis (PCA), to investigate the chemical relationships between the Ash Meadows and Death Valley spring waters, to evaluate whether the results of the PCA support those of previous hydrogeological and isotopic studies and to determine if PCA can be used to help delineate potential groundwater flow patterns based on the chemical compositions of groundwaters. The results of the PCA indicated that groundwaters from the regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifers (all of the Ash Meadows springs and four springs from the Furnace Creek region of Death Valley) exhibited strong statistical associations, whereas other Death Valley groundwaters were chemically different. The results of the PCA support earlier studies, where potentiometric head levels, δ¹⁸O and δD, geological relationships and rare earth element data were used to evaluate groundwater flow, which suggest groundwater flows from Ash Meadows to the Furnace Creek springs in Death Valley. The PCA suggests that Furnace Creek groundwaters are moderately concentrated Ash Meadows groundwater, reflecting longer aquifer residence times for the Furnace Creek groundwaters. Moreover, PCA indicates that groundwater may flow from springs in the region surrounding Scotty's Castle in Death Valley National Park, to a spring discharging on the valley floor. The study indicates that PCA may provide rapid and relatively cost‐effective methods to assess possible groundwater flow regimes in systems that have not been previously investigated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Prediction of episodic acidification in North‐eastern USA: an empirical/mechanistic approach     

T. D. Davies  M. Tranter  P. J. Wigington  K. N. Eshleman  N. E. Peters  J. Van Sickle  D. R. DeWalle  P. S. Murdoch 《水文研究》1999,13(8):1181-1195

Observations from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Episodic Response Project (ERP) in the North‐eastern United States are used to develop an empirical/mechanistic scheme for prediction of the minimum values of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) during episodes. An acidification episode is defined as a hydrological event during which ANC decreases. The pre‐episode ANC is used to index the antecedent condition, and the stream flow increase reflects how much the relative contributions of sources of waters change during the episode. As much as 92% of the total variation in the minimum ANC in individual catchments can be explained (with levels of explanation >70% for nine of the 13 streams) by a multiple linear regression model that includes pre‐episode ANC and change in discharge as independent variables. The predictive scheme is demonstrated to be regionally robust, with the regional variance explained ranging from 77 to 83%. The scheme is not successful for each ERP stream, and reasons are suggested for the individual failures. The potential for applying the predictive scheme to other watersheds is demonstrated by testing the model with data from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the South‐eastern United States, where the variance explained by the model was 74%. The model can also be utilized to assess ‘chemically new’ and ‘chemically old’ water sources during acidification episodes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中山市五桂山旅游景区形象设计探讨     

禹贡 《热带地理》2005,25(2):176-180

五桂山作为一个新开发的旅游景区,存在形象模糊、主题不突出、“灰度区”特征明显等问题。基于SWOT分析、形象定位和区域形象系统理论,五桂山旅游景区整体形象定位为：绿野仙踪、红色胜迹。旅游景区人-地感知形象、人-人感知形象的要素设计重点：视觉形象主要是标准色及字体、旅游徽标、标识牌、建筑物亭、交通工具、服饰、门票和吉祥物等8大识别要素,旅游徽标主体图案设计为“五桂飘香”;听觉形象主要是沁人心扉元素;居民形象应强化纯朴、热情、善良、文明元素设计;地标区、光环效应区形象建设的重点在东部绿野仙踪、红色胜迹旅游区和城桂路、翠山路、马石路沿岸及其进出口。  相似文献   

TRMM降水数据在中天山区域的精度评估分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

季漩  罗毅 《干旱区地理》2013,36(2):253-262

 遥感降水产品能反映降水的时空分布变化,对于资料稀缺的西北干旱区生态水文研究有重大意义。TRMM卫星降水资料在热带湿润地区有大量应用,但要将其用于我国西北干旱半干旱气候地区,还需对该数据产品在质量进行评估。选择干旱区内陆的新疆天山中部为研究区,并以周边15个台站的实测数据为依据对TRMM3B42降水数据质量进行评价。结果表明：（1）TRMM3B42数据对日降水事件的估计准确率较低,但是总体上暖季好于冷季,相对于较大的降水,对发生量小的降水估计更为准确;在暖季高估量小降水,低估量大降水,冷季则相反;（2）月降水情况来看,天山南坡两站与北坡的规律不符;对北坡山区降水估计的精度好于平原区,并且精度与海拔呈抛物线分布,降水越大的区域精度越高;偏差量的年内分布在各海拔区域之内一致性较好,但区域之间规律各有特点;（3）从年降水量来看,TRMM降水整体低于站点观测值,并且差量随着高程具有抛物线分布的特征。总之,该降水产品的质量总体上不高,但是其偏差在时间和空间上具有一定的规律性,该数据在干旱区的应用需要进一步校准处理。  相似文献   

第四纪以来天津北部燕山隆升与山前盆地的形成^*          下载免费PDF全文

孙振营  王强  李亚平  裴军令  周相国  高学飞 《古地理学报》2018,20(5):893-908

文中报道了天津市北部燕山山前地带共4个高岩心采取率钻孔的沉积学、地层学、年代学和微体古生物综合研究。420个热退磁样品的磁倾角曲线显示,具147 m厚松散地层的标准孔Z3孔下部地层属于2.58 Ma的松山(Matuyama)极性带。随着地壳沉降,只是从早更新世,冲积扇侧缘泥质沉积物才开始充填了底砾岩层之上的沉积空间,形成广义的山前盆地中的泛滥平原;与传统上视为上新统特征沉积的红棕色黏土类似的亮黄橙-黄橙色-亮红棕色黏土,延续出现到早更新世中期,当时区域沉降中心位于距离山前断裂不足4 km处。0.78 Ma以来的布容(Brunhes)极性带厚57.8 m。谨慎地依据120 ka的布莱克(Blake)亚时确定上更新统后,可见中更新统大部缺失,与天津市区沧县隆起和北京永定河冲积平原南部所见此时的地层间断十分相近。3个钻孔的7个¹⁴C测年数据证实,距离山前断裂不足2 km的钻孔45 ka以来的地层最厚达41 m;显示自MIS3初始期,沉降中心向北迁移更靠近山前断裂,且在构造断裂作用下形成了新的狭义的山前盆地。研究区可见15 ka富有机质黏土及上覆泥炭,表明末次冰消期开始的气候转暖首先影响到华北平原山前地区。此项工作为研究晚新生代以来“源到汇”过程中渤海湾西岸的沉降提供了一个基准点。  相似文献   

The mechanism and verification analysis of permafrost-associated gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain,Northwest China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

Muri Basin in the Qilian Mountain is the only permafrost area in China where gas hydrate samples have been obtained through scientific drilling. Fracture-filling hydrate is the main type of gas hydrate found in the Qilian Mountain permafrost. Most of gas hydrate samples had been found in a thin-layer-like, flake and block group in a fracture of Jurassic mudstone and oil shale, although some pore-filling hydrate was found in porous sandstone. The mechanism for gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain permafrost is as follows: gas generation from source rock was controlled by tectonic subsidence and uplift--gas migration and accumulation was controlled by fault and tight formation--gas hydrate formation and accumulation was controlled by permafrost. Some control factors for gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain permafrost were analyzed and validated through numerical analysis and laboratory experiments. CSMGem was used to estimate the gas hydrate stability zone in the Qilian permafrost at a depth of 100–400 m. This method was used to analyze the gas composition of gas hydrate to determine the gas composition before gas hydrate formation. When the overlying formation of gas accumulation zone had a permeability of 0.05 × 10⁻¹⁵ m² and water saturation of more than 0.8, gas from deep source rocks was sealed up to form the gas accumulation zone. Fracture-filling hydrate was formed in the overlap area of gas hydrate stability zone and gas accumulation zone. The experimental results showed that the lithology of reservoir played a key role in controlling the occurrence and distribution of gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost.  相似文献   

Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen,Oxygen, and Lead Isotopes of the Antuoling Molybdenum Deposit,Northern Taihang Mountains,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Meng Zhe  Jian‐zhong Hu  Yang Song  Xue‐qin Zhang  Hai‐yang Ding  Wei Zhou 《Resource Geology》2017,67(4):399-413

The Antuoling Mo deposit is a major porphyry‐type deposit in the polymetallic metallogenic belt of the northern Taihang Mountains, China. The processes of mineralization in this deposit can be divided into three stages: an early quartz–pyrite stage, a middle quartz–polymetallic sulfide stage, and a late quartz–carbonate stage. Four types of primary fluid inclusions are found in the deposit: two‐phase aqueous inclusions, daughter‐mineral‐bearing multiphase inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, and pure CO₂ inclusions. From the early to the late ore‐forming stages, the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions are 300 to >500°C, 270–425°C, and 195–330°C, respectively, with salinities of up to 50.2 wt%, 5.3–47.3 wt%, and 2.2–10.4 wt% NaCl equivalent, revealing that the ore‐forming fluids changed from high temperature and high salinity to lower temperature and lower salinity. Moreover, based on the laser Raman spectra, the compositions of the fluid inclusions evolved from the NaCl–CO₂–H₂O to the NaCl–H₂O system. The δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD values of quartz in the deposit range from +3.9‰ to +7.0‰ and ?117.5‰ to ?134.2‰, respectively, reflecting the δD of local meteoric water after oxygen isotopic exchange with host rocks. The Pb isotope values of the sulfides (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 36.320–37.428; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.210–15.495; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 16.366–17.822) indicate that the ore‐forming materials originated from a mixed upper mantle–lower crust source.  相似文献   

祁连山东段童子坝河阶地对气候变化与新构造运动的响应^*   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

钟岳志  李有利  熊建国  雷惊昊  辛伟林  胡秀  刘飞 《古地理学报》2017,19(6):1075-1086

通过对祁连山东段童子坝河各级阶地的年代和变形程度进行测定,得到了河流阶地的形成年代和过程,推算出民乐—大马营逆断裂的活动强度和速率,并分析了阶地形成和气候变化之间的关系。童子坝河5级阶地(年龄分别为16.70±1.81 cal,ka BP、 10 092.5±27.5 cal a BP、8127.5±72.5 cal a BP、2900±60 cal a BP、282.5±17.5 cal a BP)均形成于气候由冷转暖的阶段,属于气候成因阶地。基于断裂两侧阶地面的平面几何形态并结合上、下盘阶地横剖面同级阶地的高差,得到T4、T3、T2和T1阶地在民乐—大马营断裂处的垂直位错分别为10.6±3.1,m、5.0±2.6 m、2.0±1.9 m和1.9±1.3 m,推算出全新世以来民乐—大马营断裂的垂直滑动速率为1.05±0.31 mm/a,水平缩短速率为1.02±0.60 mm/a。  相似文献   

安徽齐云山晚白垩世兽脚类恐龙足迹点沉积环境     

何情  邢立达  王晓丽  潘正华  胡毅  路硕 《地质通报》2017,36(9):1506-1513

安徽齐云山兽脚类足迹群是目前中国晚白垩世保存最好的恐龙足迹群之一,对其沉积环境的研究为恢复白垩纪末期恐龙动物群的生活环境提供了证据。研究区足迹全部为兽脚类凸型足迹,与无脊椎动物遗迹Palaeophycus tubularis和Scoyenia sp.保存在一起,指示陆相沉积中的浅水沉积。通过薄片鉴定,足迹层位主要为岩屑砂岩,其平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度和峰度4个粒度参数特征与典型的河相砂一致;粒级分布直方图、概率累积曲线图及散点图表明,足迹层位从下到上颗粒逐渐变细,水动力条件变弱,沉积环境由河床沉积转变为边滩沉积。综上,齐云山兽脚类足迹点沉积环境为大型曲流河沉积,足迹保存在边滩沉积的下部,是白垩纪末期干旱气候条件下兽脚类恐龙动物群的水源地。  相似文献   

TRMM降水数据的空间降尺度方法研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李净  张晓 《地理科学》2015,35(9):1164-1169

以天山中段为研究区,以降水与高程（DEM）、植被指数（NDVI）、坡向（Aspect）、经纬度与之间存在的相关关系为基础,构建了TRMM卫星3B43降水数据与NDVI、DEM和坡向等相关因子的回归模型,对TsHARP统计降尺度算法引入DEM和局部Moran指数进行改进,得到2001~2006年研究区的250 m高分辨率降水空间分布数据。最后利用研究区气象站点降水数据对降尺度结果进行验证,得出降尺度的结果和实测值的误差明显小于原始降水数据和实测值的误差,年均降水最大改善程度是70 mm,因此构建的降尺度方法是合理可行的,可用于山区降水数据的降尺度研究。  相似文献