Evaluating a Model of Evaporation and Transpiration with Observations in a Partially Wet Douglas-Fir Forest   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fred C. Bosveld  Willem Bouten 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,108(3):365-396

The Penman–Monteith equation is extended to describe evaporation of intercepted rain, transpiration and the interaction between these processes in a single explicit function. This single-layer model simulates the effects of heat exchange, stomatal blocking and changed humidity deficit close to the canopy as a function of canopywater storage. Evaporation depends on the distribution of water over the canopy and the energy exchange between wet and dry parts. Transpiration depends on the dry canopy surface resistance that is described with a Jarvis-type response. The explicit functions obtained for water vapour fluxes facilitate a straightforward identificationof the various processes. Canopy water storage amounts and xylem sapflow were measured simultaneously during drying episodes after rainfall in a dense, partially wet, Douglas-fir forest. Estimates of evaporation and transpiration rates are derived from these observations. The analysis shows that evaporation induced transpirationreduction is mainly caused by energy consumption. Changes in water vapour deficit have a minor effect due to a compensating stomatal reaction. The remaining difference between observed and modelled transpiration reduction can be attributed to partial blocking of stomata by the water layer.  相似文献   

水化学特征在岩溶水系统分析中的应用——以山西晋城长河流域岩溶水系统为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陆求裕  杨涛  廖少波 《地下水》2008,30(5):15-17

通过对长河流域岩溶水矿化度、Ca^2＋／Mg^2＋、Ca／Sr及Mg／Sr等的特征分析,长河流域岩溶水系统从补给区到径流区、排泄区矿化度、Can／Mgn、Ca／Sr及Mg／Sr变化具有明显的规律性,岩溶水的流动方向则与以上各水化学指标质量浓度的变化方向一致,即研究区在东、北部灰岩裸露区直接接受大气降雨补给渗漏及部分半裸露区间接补给渗漏,向西以泉水形式排泄到沁河河谷地带,形成沁河河谷排泄带,地下水径流方向为南西西方向。并分析岩溶地下水的径流特征,富水强弱,水岩作用强弱及岩溶裂隙发育规律特征。  相似文献   

MUREX: a land-surface field experiment to study the annual cycle of the energy and water budgets     

J.-C. Calvet  P. Bessemoulin  J. Noilhan  C. Berne  I. Braud  D. Courault  N. Fritz  E. Gonzalez-Sosa  J.-P. Goutorbe  R. Haverkamp  G. Jaubert  L. Kergoat  G. Lachaud  J.-P. Laurent  P. Mordelet  A. Olioso  P. Péris  J.-L. Roujean  J.-L. Thony  C. Tosca  M. Vauclin  D. Vignes 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(6):838-854

The MUREX (monitoring the usable soil reservoir experimentally) experiment was designed to provide continuous time series of field data over a long period, in order to improve and validate the Soil-vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) parameterisations employed in meteorological models. Intensive measurements were performed for more than three years over fallow farmland in southwestern France. To capture the main processes controlling land-atmosphere exchanges, the local climate was fully characterised, and surface water and energy fluxes, vegetation biomass, soil moisture profiles, surface soil moisture and surface and soil temperature were monitored. Additional physiological measurements were carried out during selected periods to describe the biological control of the fluxes. The MUREX data of 1995, 1996, and 1997 are presented. Four SVAT models are applied to the annual cycle of 1995. In general, they succeed in simulating the main features of the fallow functioning, although some shortcomings are revealed.  相似文献   

Simulating the development of Martian highland landscapes through the interaction of impact cratering, fluvial erosion, and variable hydrologic forcing     

Alan D. Howard   《Geomorphology》2007,91(3-4):332

On the highlands of Mars early in the history of the planet precipitation-driven fluvial erosion competed with ongoing impact cratering. This disruption, and the multiple enclosed basins produced by impacts, is partially responsible for a long debate concerning the processes and effectiveness of fluvial erosion. The role of fluvial erosion in sculpting the early Martian landscape is explored here using a simulation model that incorporates formation of impact craters, erosion by fluvial and slope processes, deposition in basins, and flow routing through depressions. Under assumed arid hydrologic conditions, enclosed basins created by cratering do not overflow, drainage networks are short, and fluvial bajadas infill crater basins with sediment supplied from erosion of interior crater slopes and, occasionally from adjacent steep slopes. Even under arid conditions adjacent crater basins can become integrated into larger basins through lateral erosion of crater rims or by rim burial by sediment infilling. Fluvial erosion on early Mars was sufficient to infill craters of 10 km or more in diameter with 500–1500 m of sediment. When the amount of runoff relative to evaporation is assumed to be larger, enclosed basins overflow and deeply incised valleys interconnect basins. Examples of such overflow and interconnection on the Martian highlands suggest an active hydrological cycle on early Mars, at least episodically. When fluvial erosion and cratering occur together, the drainage network is often disrupted and fragmented, but it reintegrates quickly from smaller impacts. Even when rates of impact are high, a subtle fluvial signature is retained on the landscape as broad, smooth intercrater plains that feature craters with variable amounts of infilling and rim erosion, including nearly buried “ghost” craters. The widespread occurrence of such intercrater plains on Mars suggests a strong fluvial imprint on the landscape despite the absence of deep, integrated valley networks. Indisputable deltas and alluvial fans are rare in the crater basins on Mars, in part because of subsequent destruction of surficial fluvial features by impact gardening and eolian processes. Simulations, however, suggest that temporally-varying lake levels and a high percentage of suspended to bedload supplied to the basins could also result in poor definition of fan–delta complexes.  相似文献   

Basic hydrology,limnology, and meteorology of modern Lake El’gygytgyn,Siberia     

Matt Nolan  Julie Brigham-Grette 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,37(1):17-35

A survey of the modern physical setting of Lake El’gygytgyn, northeastern Siberia, is presented here to facilitate interpretation of a 250,000-year climate record derived from sediment cores from the lake bottom. The lake lies inside a meteorite impact crater that is approximately 18 km in diameter, with a total watershed area of 293 km², 110 km² of which is lake surface. The only surface water entering the lake comes from the approximately 50 streams draining from within the crater rim; a numbering system for these inlet streams is adopted to facilitate scientific discussion. We created a digital elevation model for the watershed and used it to create hypsometries, channel networks, and drainage area statistics for each of the inlet streams. Many of the streams enter shallow lagoons dammed by gravel berms at the lakeshore; these lagoons may play a significant role in the thermal and biological dynamics of the lake due to their higher water temperatures (>6°C). The lake itself is approximately 12 km wide and 175 m deep, with a volume of 14.1 km³. Water temperature within a column of water near the center of this oligotrophic, monomictic lake never exceeded 4°C over a 2.5 year record, though the shallow shelves (<10 m) surrounding the lake can reach 5°C in summer. Though thermally stratified in winter, the water appears completely mixed shortly after lake ice breakup in July. Mean annual air temperature measured about 200 m from the lake was −10.3°C in 2002, and an unshielded rain gage there recorded 70 mm of rain in summer of 2002. End of winter snow water equivalent on the lake was approximately 110 mm in May 2002. Analysis of NCEP reanalysis air temperatures (1948–2002) reveals that the 8 warmest years and 10 warmest winters have occurred since 1989, with the number of days below −30°C dropping from a pre-1989 mean of 35 to near 0 in recent years. The crater region is windy as well as cold, with hourly wind speeds exceeding 13.4 m s⁻¹ (30 mph) typically at least once each month and 17.8 m s⁻¹ (40 mph) in winter months, with only a few calm days per month; wind may also play an important role in controlling the modern shape of the lake. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that the physical hydrology and limnology of the lake has changed substantially over the past 3.6 million years, and some of the implications of these changes on paleoclimate reconstructions are discussed. This is the second in a series of eleven papers published in this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El'gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.  相似文献   

Accuracy assessment of the monthly GRACE geoids based upon a simulation     

E. J. O. Schrama  P. N. A. M. Visser 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(1):67-80

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of geophysical background model errors that affects temporal gravity solutions provided by the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE). Initial performance estimates by Dickey et al. (1997) suggested a formal geoid RMS error better than 0.1 mm up to spherical harmonic degree 5. Now that the GRACE gravity models and data are available, it is evident that these original expectations were too optimistic. Our hypothesis is that this is partially explained by errors in geophysical background models that need to be applied in the GRACE data reduction, and that this effect was not considered by Dickey et al. (1997). We discuss the results of a closed-loop simulation, where satellite trajectory prediction software is used for the generation of GRACE range-rate data and GRACE orbit solutions with the help of the Global Positioning System (GPS). During the recovery step in our closed-loop simulation, we show that simulated nuisance signals (based on tide and air pressure model differences) map to a 0.7 mm geoid effect for periods longer than 3 months and to less than 0.4 mm for periods shorter than 3 months. The long-period geoid hydrology signal is at a level of 4.5 mm, while the short-period hydrology is at 0.25 mm. The long-period ocean bottom pressure (OBP) signal maps at 0.8 mm and for short periods it is 0.4 mm. We conclude that short-period effects are difficult to observe by GRACE and that long-period effects, like hydrology, are easier to recover than OBP variations.  相似文献   

A global river routing network for use in hydrological modeling   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

H. Renssen  J. M. Knoop   《Journal of Hydrology》2000,230(3-4):230-243

In this paper a relatively simple procedure is presented to construct a global river routing network on a 0.5° latitude–longitude grid. In this network all grid cells in a catchment are coupled and have a flow direction, making it a useful tool in the modeling of river flow on a global scale. The flow directions are based on a digital elevation model and on information on the locations of major rivers (‘stream burning’). The presented river routing network is specifically designed for the assessment of fresh water shortages. We tested the validity of the river routing network by comparing the computed drainage areas with published estimates. This comparison revealed a good similarity and it is concluded that the presented river routing network has sufficient quality to be implemented in global climate models. This could mean a considerable improvement of the surface parameterization in these models.  相似文献   

土壤盐渍化量化的遥感与GIS实验   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20  

彭望琭 《遥感学报》1997,1(3):237-240

为对土壤盐渍化程度做更为科学的定量分析，该文重点研究了地下水埋深，地下水矿化度和地貌因子对土壤盐渍化影响以及这种影响的定量化，研究区为吉林省长岭县实验区。利用地理信息系统作为支持工具，结合遥感数据和专家经验，建立数学模型，进行综合分析，获得了较好的结果，这种方法为分析土壤盐渍化问题的有效途径之一。  相似文献   

浅析杭州市江海湿地概念规划设计     

莫铠 《湿地科学与管理》2014,(3):12-16

江海湿地公园作为萧山区大江东新城地区和杭州东部生态带的核心生态系统,其概念规划方案将生态系统的修复和保护融入城市规划、产业布局和经济发展模式之中。根据当地的生态结构特点、水文和环境要素、野生动植物种群等自然资源,划分高、中、低三类不同生态敏感层次的生态保护区,并结合不同的水文特征设计了5种类型的淡水湿地和盐碱湿地。从整体上协调了湿地生态保护区域与休闲观光、科研教育以及周边产业发展之间的关系,为今后湿地和生态景观设计起到重要的借鉴作用。  相似文献   

Mixed memory, (non) Hurst effect, and maximum entropy of rainfall in the tropical Andes     

Germán Poveda 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(2):243-256

Diverse linear and nonlinear statistical parameters of rainfall under aggregation in time and the kind of temporal memory are investigated. Data sets from the Andes of Colombia at different resolutions (15 min and 1-h), and record lengths (21 months and 8-40 years) are used. A mixture of two timescales is found in the autocorrelation and autoinformation functions, with short-term memory holding for time lags less than 15-30 min, and long-term memory onwards. Consistently, rainfall variance exhibits different temporal scaling regimes separated at 15-30 min and 24 h. Tests for the Hurst effect evidence the frailty of the R/S approach in discerning the kind of memory in high resolution rainfall, whereas rigorous statistical tests for short-memory processes do reject the existence of the Hurst effect.Rainfall information entropy grows as a power law of aggregation time, S(T) ∼ T^β with 〈β〉 = 0.51, up to a timescale, T_MaxEnt (70-202 h), at which entropy saturates, with β = 0 onwards. Maximum entropy is reached through a dynamic Generalized Pareto distribution, consistently with the maximum information-entropy principle for heavy-tailed random variables, and with its asymptotically infinitely divisible property. The dynamics towards the limit distribution is quantified. Tsallis q-entropies also exhibit power laws with T, such that S_q(T) ∼ T^β(q), with β(q) ? 0 for q ? 0, and β(q) ? 0.5 for q ? 1. No clear patterns are found in the geographic distribution within and among the statistical parameters studied, confirming the strong variability of tropical Andean rainfall.  相似文献