长江大通-河口段枯季的径流量变化   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

张二凤  陈西庆 《地理学报》2003,58(2):231-238

通过实地调查和收集长江下游1950－2000年水文、水利工程资料，建立了长江大通以下枯季径流量变化地理信息系统，分析了影响长江大通水文站以下径流量变化的水文过程，探索了这一区间枯季径流量变化的成因与过程。调查研究表明，截止2000年大通以下各类抽引水工程的总数已达64个，抽引水能力达到了4626m^3/s（潮周期内平均轴引水流量）。实际抽引水量呈现很大的年、季波动，这与本区气候干旱情况、农作物生长期、跨流域调水量等多种因素有关。研究表明：大通－河口段沿江两岸大量的抽引水已成为影响长江大通以下枯季入海流量变化的最重要的因素。本文在过去实际抽引江水资料的基础上，估算了过去不同水文、气候背景下长江大通以下枯季径流量的变化幅度及其对入海流量的影响，并利用实际数据进行了验证。在此基础上，探讨了未来长江大通以下枯季的径流量变化趋势。  相似文献   

Interwedging and inversion structures around the trans-European suture zone in the Baltic Sea, a manifestation of compressive tectonic phases     

Rolf Meissner  Hans Thybo  Tanni Abramovitz 《Tectonophysics》2002,360(1-4):265-280

During the evolution of continents, compressive tectonic phases can leave certain tectonic patterns in the lithosphere to be observed by reflection seismology. Also, in the area of the trans-European suture zone (TESZ) in the Baltic Sea, several relatively short, but occasionally strong, compressive phases have left their marks in the lithosphere in form of characteristic fault and thrust zones in the rigid parts of crust and mantle, especially clear and well investigated in some sediment troughs. At depth, interwedging processes seem to be generated by colliding tectonic units with different rheology, creating bi-vergent fault structures, possibly—but not necessarily—initiated by a previous subduction of intervening oceanic lithosphere. Near the surface, reactivation and inversion of previous faults are very selective. Transpressional processes and the reduced friction inside the faults are suggested to play a major role. It is assumed that the transfer of plate boundary stressed over long distances is performed mainly through the thick and rigid mantle lid, not through the thin, rigid, and heterogeneous upper crust. This assumption involves mechanisms of a vertical transfer of stresses from the mantle into the inversion area, and some signs of such a process are seen around the Tornquist Zone (TZ). Several examples of compressive transfer of stresses are shown.  相似文献   

Mass transfer controlled by fracturing in micritic carbonate rocks     

James Richard  Michel Coulon  Patrick Gaviglio   《Tectonophysics》2002,350(1)

The fractured Coniacian chalk from the Omey area (Paris Basin, France) displays strong evidence of modifications controlled by brittle deformation. Fracturing is associated with important changes in pore space (decrease in total porosity and pore interconnection, change in distribution of pore access diameters and capillary characteristics), nannofacies (gradual evolution from a point-contact fabric to a welded, interlocked or coalescent fabric) and chemical composition (Sr concentration decrease). These modifications result from fluid–rock interaction that control significant mass transfer (percentage of secondary calcite >50%). Sr is a remarkable indicator of these mass transfers. Sr analyses allowed us to prove that the deformed zone (26.7 m) is wider than the fractured zone (11.3 m). They also indicate that the footwall block is less affected than the hanging wall block. A physicochemical model of the deformation mechanism is proposed. It shows that a cyclic process of fracturing controls the temporal evolution of the fluid saturation and fluid pressure and, consequently, the mass transfer.  相似文献   

ERS—1／ATSR海表温度在热带太平洋和西北太平洋的印证与分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

管磊  陈锐  贺明霞 《遥感学报》2002,6(1):63-69

海表温度是气候变化研究的关键参量。ERS／ATSR的设计目标是提供高精精度的海表温度，以满足气候研究的要求。利用美国海洋大气局太平洋海洋环境实验室在热带太平洋的浮标数据和日本气象厅在西北太平洋的浮标数据对1991年至1992年间ESR－1／ATSR数据反演的海表温度进行了印证。在热带太平洋，三通道双观测角算法反演的ATSR海表温度与热带浮标海表温度的平均偏差为－0．22K，标准偏差为0．25K；在西北太平洋，平均偏差为－0．51K，标准偏差为0．61K。结果表明，即使在火山气溶胶的影响下，ATSR海表温度在热带太平洋仍具有较高的精度，可以满足其设计目标。利用大气辐射传输模式LOWTRAN－7，对印证结果进行了分析。  相似文献   

应用信息熵方法对地下水观测网的层次分类——以河北平原地下水观测网为例   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈植华 《水文地质工程地质》2002,29(3):24-28

本文主要针对目前地下水观测网存在的层次不清问题，提出了基于信息熵理论新的分类方法。文章列举了观测网层次问题的表现，原因和可能造成的后果，提出地下水观测网的层次性应该对应地下水流动系统的层次性。认为地下水观测网就是一种信号通讯网，水位信号具有可传递性、差异性以及衰减性等特征，可以运用信息熵理论中的互信息概念，定量刻画观测孔之间的信息联系，并以这种信息联系程度作为观测孔层次分类的主要依据。作者以河北平原地下水观测网为实例，研究了区域尺度观测网的分类，结果表明信息熵方法可以很好地解决此类问题。  相似文献   

辐射参数化的变化对模式中期和月预报的影响   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

沈元芳  伊兰等 《应用气象学报》2002,13(3):299-311

在T106中期数值预报模式和T63气候模式中进行了两种辐射过程参数化的对比试验。目前在这两个模式中用作对照积分的辐射方案(OPE)是ECMWF的早期业务方案，而新的辐射方案(NEW)是ECMWF 1989年5月2日成为业务的版本。试验结果表明，OPE高估了短波水的吸收，导致太大的短波大气吸收和地表太小的向下短波辐射；OPE还低估了长波辐射冷却和大气顶的向外长波辐射(OLR)；NEW增加了地表有效辐射能量和对流层总的冷却，产生了较大的湍流热通量，对流活动加强，降水量明显增加；NEW还使平流层温度偏暖得到矫正。业务平行试验的统计检验表明，NEW对4～7天中期预报有较显著的改进。  相似文献   

冰雹生长物理过程参数化研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

房文  郑国光  胡志晋 《气象学报》2002,60(6):698-705

对冰雹生长物理过程的理论与实验研究都表明 ,冰雹生长过程中表面热量与质量传输决定了冰雹生长率及其结构特征。然而 ,许多模式研究者在冰雹的热量平衡方程中 ,关键的热传输系数一直引用Ranz和Marshall在小雷诺数下对水滴蒸发的测定结果进行外推 ,与实际的冰雹状况差距较大。本文利用郑国光在与实际冰雹尺度相对应的雷诺数范围内 ,对热传输系数的测定结果 ,进行参数化处理 ,应用于胡志晋等的一维及三维冰雹生长模式 ,结果发现冰雹的融化、蒸发、干湿增长都有很大不同。其中冰雹的融化率比原模式大 12 %～ 5 0 % ;冰雹的蒸发率比原模式大 10 %～ 2 0 0 % ;冰雹的干湿增长率增大 10 %～ 40 %。  相似文献   

Measurements Of Turbulence Transfer In The Near-Surface Layer Over The Southeastern Tibetan Plateau   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Lingen Bian  Zhiqiu Gao  Qiangde Xu  Longhua Lu  Yanjie Cheng 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,102(2):281-300

Turbulent flux measurements at Qamdo site over the Tibetan Plateau during TIPEX from May 18 to June 30, 1998 are presented. Sensible heat dominated,accounting for about 66% of the available energy (the sum of net radiation and soil heat flux) prior to the monsoon(dry period), reducing to about 31%, with latent heat increased to about 56% of available energy,in the monsoon season (wet period). Surface energy budget closure on average was about 0.80 (0.85)prior to the monsoon and 0.89 (0.76) during the monsoon using eddy correlation (profile) methods. The sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes calculated from the flux-profilemethod was smaller by about 15% than that from eddy correlation. Martano's method is used toestimate the surface aerodynamic roughness length z₀ and zero plane displacement d from singlelevel sonic anemometer data, giving d = 0.12 m and z₀ = 0.08 m. The overall neutral dragcoefficient (C_DN) and scalar coefficient (C_HN) were found to be C_DN = 0.0055and C_HN = 0.0059 in the southeastern area of Tibet. Their variations with the mean wind speed at 10 m are discussed.  相似文献   

Study Of `Soft' Night-Time Surface-Layer Decoupling Over Forest Canopies In A Land-Surface Model     

Yves Delage  Paul A. Bartlett  J. Harry McCaughey 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,103(2):253-276

The cause of a night-time land-surface model cold bias over forest canopies at threedifferent sites is studied in connection with various formulations of turbulent transferand the phenomenon of decoupling between the surface and the boundary layer. Themodel is the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), a leading internationally knownmodel that has been tested over a variety of instrumented sites. The bias was first attributed to a deficient turbulent transfer and a few formulations were compared. One formulation is the classical log-linear profile with a sharp cut-off of the fluxes at a critical Richardsonnumber around 0.2, while in the other ones the flux decreases less rapidly with increasingstatic stability. While the surface-layer formulations have an impact on the modelled canopy temperature, other causes were found for the negative bias. The CLASS model neglected the heat capacity of the air trapped inside the canopy and its inclusion multiplied theeffective heat capacity of the canopy, by a factor ranging from 2.3 to 3.4 for the canopies studied, and reduced the error. A correction was also made to the air specific humidity at canopy level and the topsoil thermal conductivity was changed from that of organic matter to that of mineral soil. With these modifications, and using the incoming longwave radiative flux instead of the net longwave flux, the bias almost completely disappeared. Using ascheme with more heat transfer at large static stability, obtained by assuming that thefluxes decrease in magnitude with height in the surface layer, reduced the original biaswhile using the log-linear formulation amplified the cold bias. The impact of the turbulent transfer formulations is much reduced when they are applied to model runs in which the other above modifications have been made.The phenomenon of decoupling is presented and its understanding is complementedwith the new notions of `hard' versus `soft' decoupling and complete versus incompletedecoupling, depending on the impact decoupling has on the model and on the effectiveness of the model in achieving the decoupling. The geostrophic wind speed is a determiningfactor in separating cases of hard decoupling (rare) from the soft cases (frequent) while the completeness of the decoupling primarily depends on the form of the turbulent transfer curve as a function of static stability.  相似文献   

观测资料的收集监控系统     

王丽玫 《气象研究与应用》2002,23(2):40-42

气象资料收集监控系统是用于对实时天气观测资料及预报产品的收集、转发、监控、质量统计的系统 ,该文对系统的设计原则、构成和配置、主要功能和技术实现进行了较详细介绍 ,作为 92 10气象信息业务系统(MIOS)的前端处理软件和备份 ,满足了系统稳定可靠、质量监控和运行管理等方面的要求。  相似文献