上海浦东国际机场低层大气垂直风场特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王海霞  张宏升  李云峰  白敬蒋  潘江勇 《气象》2013,39(11):1500-1506

风廓线雷达资料具有较高的时间和空间分辨率,但多集中于强对流性天气的预报和分析。文章主要将该资料应用于低层大气风场结构的研究和分析中。利用2009年1月至2010年6月共计18个月的上海浦东国际机场LAP 3000边界层风廓线雷达探测的水平风速风向资料,根据差值后的每小时平均的风速、风向进行统计分析（垂直分辨率50 m）,发现风速极大值出现的高度具有重复性,主要出现在1000、600、500、450、550和250 m,相邻两层之间的风矢量变差的极大值主要出现在250和300 m之间。按照国际民航组织建议的的水平风的垂直切变强度标准,将各个层次之间的风矢量进行统计分类,有轻度、中度、强烈、严重四个等级的风切变,同时发现不同等级的风切变的发生具有明显的季节特征。对于浦东国际机场区域的低层垂直风场的特征及演变情况初步的分析和探讨,为今后可以更好地结合AMDAR资料、电子探空仪、微波辐射计等探测手段针对机场区域甚至是内陆部分机场关于风切变的精细化预报、预警服务的研究奠定了一定的基础。  相似文献   

基于粗糙集理论的地学空间关系规则分析及其应用——以珠江三角洲为例     

葛咏  曹峰  杜云艳  LAKHAN V.Chris  王英杰  李德玉 《地理学报(英文版)》2011,21(1):101-117

Spatial relations,reflecting the complex association between geographical phenomena and environments,are very important in the solution of geographical issues. Different spatial relations can be expressed by indicators which are useful for the analysis of geographical issues. Urbanization,an important geographical issue,is considered in this paper. The spatial relationship indicators concerning urbanization are expressed with a decision table. Thereafter,the spatial relationship indicator rules are extracted based on the application of rough set theory. The extraction process of spatial relationship indicator rules is illustrated with data from the urban and rural areas of Shenzhen and Hong Kong,located in the Pearl River Delta. Land use vector data of 1995 and 2000 are used. The extracted spatial relationship indicator rules of 1995 are used to identify the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan,Zhuhai and Macao. The identification accuracy is approximately 96.3%. Similar procedures are used to extract the spatial relationship indicator rules of 2000 for the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan,Zhuhai and Macao. An identification accuracy of about 83.6% is obtained.  相似文献   

Clashing strategic cultures and climate policy     

Megan Ceronsky  Cameron Hepburn  Michael Obersteiner  Yoshiki Yamagata 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):347-357

Abstract

Kagan (2002) argues that the different responses of Europeans and Americans to major strategic and international challenges is not simply due to differences in the current administrations, but rather results from (i) a power gap and (ii) differing ideologies. This article applies Kagan's theory to climate policy, employing terrorism policy as a point of comparison. We argue that the power gap between Europe and America is unable to explain the differences in climate policy. In contrast, the ideology gap may indeed have some explanatory value. Furthermore, we argue that one additional feature is critical—the costs and benefits imposed by climate change and terrorism prevention, and the process by which such costs and benefits are evaluated, differ between America and Europe.  相似文献   

基于拉格朗日插值方法的GPS IGS精密星历插值分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

何玉晶  杨力 《测绘工程》2011,20(5):60-62,66

GPS数据处理中,为使用IGS精密星历获取GPS卫星精确的、更高采样率的轨道位置,必须要对精密星历进行插值.文中介绍拉格朗日插值方法的基本原理,并对其插值结果进行详细的分析讨论,得出几点有益结论.  相似文献   

GIS空间拓扑关系的四交差简化模型   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

谢俊平  杨敏华 《地理空间信息》2011,9(1):94-96,13

空间拓扑关系的描述是空间关系的主要内容,是与人类的认知概念一致的,在空间数据的查询与挖掘等方面有重要应用.回顾了现有模型,然后重点分析了其中的四交差模型,提出了四交差简化模型,同时对简化了的四交差模型的合理性进行了详细分析,最后展望了四交差简化模型及其应用中有待进一步研究的相关工作.  相似文献   

An International Relations perspective on the global politics of carbon dioxide capture and storage     

Heleen de Coninck  Karin Bäckstrand 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(2):368-378

With the publication of the IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), CCS has emerged as a focal issue in international climate diplomacy and energy collaboration. This paper has two goals. The first goal is to map CCS activities in and among various types of intergovernmental organisations; the second goal is to apply International Relations (IR) theories to explain the growing diversity, overlap and fragmentation of international organisations dealing with CCS. Which international organisations embrace CCS, and which refrain from discussing it at all? What role do these institutions play in bringing CCS forward? Why is international collaboration on CCS so fragmented and weak? We utilise realism, liberal institutionalism and constructivism to provide three different interpretations of the complex global landscape of CCS governance in the context of the similarly complicated architecture of global climate policy. A realist account of CCS's fragmented international politics is power driven. International fossil fuel and energy organisations, dominated by major emitter states, take an active role in CCS. An interest-based approach, such as liberal institutionalism, claims that CCS is part of a “regime complex” rather than an integrated, hierarchical, comprehensive and international regime. Such a regime complex is exemplified by the plethora of international organisations with a role in CCS. Finally, constructivism moves beyond material and interest-based interpretations of the evolution of the institutionally fragmented architecture of global CCS governance. The 2005 IPCC Special Report on CCS demonstrates the pivotal role that ideas, norms and scientific knowledge have played in transforming the preferences of the international climate-change policy community.  相似文献   

Shifting baselines in scientific publications: A case study using cetacean research   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N.A. Rose  D. Janiger  E.C.M. Parsons  M. Stachowitsch 《Marine Policy》2011

The marine sciences have undergone a sequence of historical changes related to new methodologies, approaches and challenges. Most recently, deteriorating natural ecosystems and threatened component species have prompted a renewed change in the focus of scientific research on the marine environment. This study analyzes the scientific literature on cetaceans during the period 2005–2008 to demonstrate that a key focus of modern research is on conservation-related topics, and then compares it to the period 1970–1973 to demonstrate that this new focus represents a shift from basic biological and ecological issues. On average, approximately 46% of papers published on whales, dolphins and porpoises in 2005–2008 were categorized as conservation oriented versus focused on biology or ecology. This contrasts to approximately 10% in 1970–1973. This shift parallels other marine research subjects, such as benthic communities, coral reefs and sea turtles and reflects a general paradigm shift in marine research towards anthropogenic impacts. This is important guidance for institutions and organizations that wish to base their agendas and decisions on state-of-the-art scientific priorities.  相似文献   

Fragmented governance: Reconciling legal strategies for shark conservation and management     

Erika J. Techera  Natalie Klein 《Marine Policy》2011

Sharks play a critical role in the ocean environment yet many species are under threat. Over the last ten years, the international community has taken significant steps to protect shark species and address the threats to them through the adoption and implementation of international laws, plans and programmes. Nevertheless, despite the attention given to this issue, many shark species continue to deteriorate in numbers. While the reasons for this decline are complex and varied, regulatory fragmentation is one contributing factor. Legal regulation is a critical element in achieving effective conservation and management of sharks. This article considers the international laws, plans and programmes that seek to conserve shark species, explores the current fragmented regime and outlines possible strategies to overcome this challenge and enhance shark protection in the future.  相似文献   

Scaling relations for seismic events induced by mining   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. J. Gibowicz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(2):191-209

The values of seismic moment andS-wave corner frequency from 1575 seismic events induced in South African, Canadian, Polish, and German underground mines were collected to study their scaling relations. The values ofP-wave corner frequency from 649 events were also available. Seismic moments of these events range from 5*10³ to 2*10¹⁵ N·m (moment magnitude is from –3.6 to 4.1), theS-wave corner frequency ranges from 0.7 to 4438 Hz, and theP-wave corner frequency is between 5 and 4010 Hz. The slope of a regression line between the logarithm ofS- andP-wave corner frequencies is equal to one, and the corner frequencies ofP waves are higher than those ofS waves on the average by about 25 percent. In studies of large and moderate earthquakes it has been found that stress drop is approximately independent of the seismic moment, which means that seismic moment is inversely proportional to the third power of corner frequency. Such a behavior was confirmed for most of the data considered here. A breakdown in the similarity betwen large and small events seems to occur for the events with moment magnitude below –2.5. The average values of seismic moment referred to the same range of corner frequency, however, are vastly different in various mining areas.  相似文献   

The multivariate controls of hydraulic geometry: A causal investigation in terms of boundary shear distribution     

He Qing Huang  Robin F. Warner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1995,20(2):115-130

Most downstream hydraulic geometry exponents have been found to be very close to the classic values reported by Leopold and Maddock (1953). These have been viewed as the simplified cases to general trends because the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels is actually the product of ‘multivariate controls’ (Richards, 1982). This paper is an attempt to develop a soundly based foundation for the explanation of the physical mechanisms of these controls. A quantitative relationship between channel shape and boundary shear distribution developed from experimental flume results is found to be applicable in some instances to alluvial channels, particularly to stable canals. On the basis of this relationship, it is shown that downstream hydraulic geometry is determined not only by flow discharge, but also by channel slope, channel average roughness and sediment composition of the channel boundary. This is strongly supported by our analysis of 529 observations from both stable canals and natural rivers in the U.S.A. and the U.K. The difference between regime relations in canals and the hydraulic geometry of rivers appears to be caused mainly by channel slope and average roughness, which can be regarded as constants only in stable canals. The close relationship between discharge and channel average roughness observed in canals is not repeated in natural channels, partly because of the variety of flow values used to define the channel-forming discharge. Furthermore, it is indicated that the effects of the sediment composition of the channel boundary on hydraulic geometry are significant and need further investigation.  相似文献