The main issues affecting coasts of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans: a meta-analysis from Seas at the Millennium     

Sheppard C 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(12):1199-1207

A review of the world oceans in three volumes by 365 scientists, provides scope for several ‘meta-analyses' of the main problems affecting over 100 areas in the year 2000. This article summarises the main issues affecting a sub-set of the reviewed areas, covering Asian, African and Arabian countries dealt with in Volume 2, which included over 50 articles. From all issues raised, assessment is made of the nature of the major ones, including evaluation of reasons why so many of them remain important issues after so much attention to them. These include long standing problems, several problems more newly flagged as becoming particularly important, the issue of global warming and no less than three related issues connected with fishing and over exploitation. One or two issues such as industrial pollution and sewage, previously considered of almost universal concern, almost traditional pollution issues even, continue to feature strongly for some countries, but while these were almost always referred to in Seas chapters, by and large these categories appear not to be the most pressing of issues today, except in localized areas (albeit areas where huge numbers of people live). Perhaps other issues have simply taken over. They are excluded from this article.  相似文献   

Paleolimnological assessment of human impacts on an urban South African lake     

F. García-Rodríguez  C. R. Anderson  J. B. Adams 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2007,38(3):297-308

North End Lake is a polluted and eutrophic freshwater system located in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Since the lake is expected to be used for recreational/tourist purposes by 2010, a rehabilitation program will have to be designed. For this reason, we retrieved a sediment core from the central region of the lake to decipher the effect of historical human impacts on the water body. Pre-disturbance paleolimnological inferences indicate that the lake was likely mesotrophic. After ∼1831, when sheep farming activities were undertaken in the catchment, increases in trophic state and changes in sediment composition were observed. After ∼1937, increases in trace metal levels, organic matter, spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and changes in sediment composition were recorded. The system became eutrophic as indicated by the dominance of the diatom Actinocyclus normanii, a cosmopolitan species often observed in systems where water quality has been dramatically degraded. The conditions worsened after 1986 because of the construction of a storm-water retention system, which intentionally channeled storm-water runoff into the lake. Because of this, extremely high values of fecal coliforms (i.e. 2 × 10⁶ every 100 ml) have been measured in the water column. The paleolimnological information identified the sharp increase in organic content in the uppermost section of the core, and this could be correlated to the operation of the storm-water retention system. Therefore, as an immediate management measure, we suggest that the storm-water retention system should either no longer be utilized, or the storm-water runoff should be treated before disposal into the lake. In addition, an effective sewage system has to be constructed.  相似文献   

多条人工地震测深剖面资料联合反演首都圈三维地壳结构   总被引：14，自引：11，他引：14       下载免费PDF全文

李松林  张先康  宋占隆  石金虎  邓宏钊  杨健  张成科  任青芳 《地球物理学报》2001,44(3):360-368,T001

为了对多条二维剖面资料进行统一分析和解释,本文考虑了各剖面交点处的约束条件,通过建立统一的偏导矩阵,将各剖面资料联立求解.利用该方法对中国地震局地球物理勘探中心在首都圈内6条人工地震宽角反射/折射剖面资料进行了重新处理和解释,得到该地区的地壳三维速度结构和构造特征.在此基础上,结合其他地球物理研究成果,确定了壳内存在的4处低速层（体）的空间范围及断裂的走向.  相似文献   

The impacts of urbanization on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SUN Hu  GAN Zhi-mao  YAN Jun-ping 《地理学报》2001,11(3):282-290

The accelerated urbanization has resulted in new soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region since the 1980s. A concept of urban erosion and its impacts on environment are discussed. The experimental studies and field investigations show that those loose silt and earth piles formed by urban construction can be eroded seriously: Under stormy rain, the amount of sediment from steep man-dumped slope is 10.8-12.2 times that of from uncovered slope land; the result of experiments with the wind tunnel also shows that the damage to the surface structure of dry loess can cause serious soil erosion by wind in some cities of the region. Even if in the urban built-up area, there are many loose sandy soil, mud and silt, which are washed into rivers by city’s ground flow in the rainy season. So, anthropogenically induced soil erosion has made soil erosion more serious around the urban areas. And the urban eroded environment has several characteristics such as fragility, complexity, seasonality and quick variability. Urban areas witness a quick economic growth and have more construction projects than rural areas, which brings more intensive changes of environments during a short period of time or adds some new elements to the erosion system. Therefore erosion has experienced more intensive impact by human activities. So, the possible impact of urbanization on erosion environment must be taken into consideration when designing or planning to exploit natural resources or to develop urban areas in the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

The paleoecological record of human disturbance in wetlands of the Lake Tahoe Basin   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jae Kim  Eliška Rejmánková 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(4):437-454

Increased human activities since discovery of gold in northern California have changed the structure and function of many ecosystems. To reconstruct the changes in watershed environmental conditions, sediment cores were collected from three montane marshes in northern Sierra Nevada, CA. Pollen analysis was conducted, and water content, bulk density, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, major cations, and lead concentrations of sediments were determined. Cores were dated by the 210Pb method. Pollen analyses showed changes in plant communities in this region due to severe logging in the late-1800s and moderate logging in the 1900s. The local changes were more clearly recorded in small marsh pollen profiles than regional changes. The water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) introduction into Tahoe Basin was inferred from the pollen record and ²¹⁰Pb dating. Road construction and maintenance activities were recorded in physical and chemical characteristics, such as increases in sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Pollen and physical and chemical records also documented the time line of the expansion of dry meadow, and the decrease of pine forest in one of the watersheds. This study showed that sediments in small marshes were especially useful to reconstruct local disturbance by human activities.  相似文献   

电偶源频率电磁测深视电阻率多参量联合反演效果检验          下载免费PDF全文

陈军营  林长佑  王书明  杨长福 《地震工程学报》2001,23(3)

通过大量的数值模拟试验 ,对电偶源频率电磁测深 (FEMS)视电阻率多参量联合反演的效果进行了检验和对比 .结果表明 ,多参量联合反演具有较快的收敛速度和较高的拟合精度  相似文献   

地下贯通工程测量方案的优化理论和方法   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

冯仲科 《测绘学报》1996,25(4):303-308

地下贯通工程的控制测量导线多为加测陀累方位角的导线，本文讨论了贯通工程导线加测陀螺边的个数，位置，以及提高其可靠性，经济性的有关问题。  相似文献   

多尺度快速匹配追踪多域联合地震反演方法          下载免费PDF全文

印兴耀  裴松  李坤  林海鲲 《地球物理学报》1954,63(9):3431-3441

多尺度快速匹配追踪多域联合地震反演是一种通过地震数据多尺度分解的迭代反演方法.与此同时,在快速匹配追踪算法中引入低频模型约束,有效提高了收敛精度,使反演结果具有丰富的高低频信息.首先通过对大尺度地震资料进行反演得到低频背景.在此基础上,采用中尺度与小尺度地震数据进行逐级迭代用以获得高频数据,因而有效缓解了常规反演方法对于初始模型精度的依赖.最后利用理论模型与实际地震数据进行测试,通过与常规时间域反演方法的反演结果进行对比可以看出,本文方法在地层连续变化处依然可以对变化地层进行精确刻画,且在纵向分辨率提升的同时保持了较好的横向连续性.  相似文献   

基于伴随方法的线性台阵背景噪声面波和远震体波联合成像研究          下载免费PDF全文

张超  姚华建  童平  刘沁雅  雷霆 《地球物理学报》1954,63(11):4065-4079

伴随层析成像（Adjoint Tomography）通过求解全波方程来准确模拟地震波在复杂介质中的传播,并利用波形信息来反演地下结构,是新一代的高分辨率成像方法.其中3-D伴随层析成像需要庞大的计算资源,而2-D反演相对更具计算效率.面波和远震体波是研究地壳上地幔速度结构的重要方法,它们对S波速度及Moho面的敏感度不同,通过联合反演,可以得到更为准确的S波速度结构及Moho面.通过两种数据的高度互补性,本文提出基于伴随方法的线性台阵背景噪声面波和远震体波联合成像方法,同时约束台阵下方S波速度结构及Moho面形态.我们将该方法应用到符合华北克拉通岩石圈典型结构特征的理论模型上,测试结果表明联合反演方法优势明显,相比于面波伴随层析成像,能获得更高分辨率的S波速度结构,同时能精准约束Moho面形态.相比于体波伴随层析成像,联合反演能有效压制高频假象,降低波形反演过程中的非线性化程度.本研究有望提供一种更为高效精准的线性台阵成像方法,搭建联合伴随层析成像理论框架,提升岩石圈成像分辨率,并为后续其他类型波形数据的引入提供思路和方法.  相似文献   

Paleolimnological assessment of human impacts in Lake Blanca, SE Uruguay     

F. García-Rodríguez  N. Mazzeo  P. Sprechmann  D. Metzeltin  F. Sosa  H.C. Treutler  M. Renom  B. Scharf  C. Gaucher 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,28(4):457-468

Paleolimnological techniques were used to assess human impacts onLake Blanca, a small (0.6 km²), coastal fresh waterbodyin southern Uruguay, which is the drinking water source for 100,000 localresidents. We retrieved a core that extends to about 1100 ¹⁴Cyr BP. ²¹⁰Pb ages, organic mater, CO₃, totalcarbon, nutrients, fossil pigments and diatoms allowed us to establishlimnological conditions before and after cultural impacts. Soil removal(1880–1960) and intensive cattle and sheep grazing (1943–1966) ledto gully formation in the catchment. This watershed erosion resulted inincreased sedimentation rates. The aquatic system appeared to be mesotrophicwith dominance of epibenthic diatoms until 1966, at which timeeutrophication intensified with forestry activities. Increases in nutrients, aswell as blooms of planktonic diatoms, were observed. During the last decade,tourist/urban development as well as high drinking water demand caused areduction in lake area. Subsequent marked increases in rainfall led to furtherphytoplankton blooms and macrophyte proliferation.  相似文献