美国中西部沙山地区环境变化的遥感研究   总被引：18，自引：4，他引：18  

赵英时 《地理研究》2001,20(2):213-219

文章选择了典型半干旱地区———美国中西部的沙山为研究区,利用陆地卫星TM、MSS图像数据,采用线性光谱混合模型(LSMM)、穗帽变换、指数提取等方法,提取反映环境变化的沙地、湿地、水域、草地等信息,并研究典型半干旱地区———Nebraska近20年来的环境变化及其与气候变化的关系。  相似文献   

热带气旋生成过程的中尺度涡旋活动数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

姜舒婕  吴立广  梁佳 《气象科学》2016,36(6):779-788

热带气旋生成过程中包含不同尺度环流及其相互作用。为此,本文将热带气旋生成数值模拟的起点提前到模拟中尺度涡旋(MCV)的生成,从而利用高分辨率数值试验结果,对热带气旋过程中的不同尺度涡旋活动进行分析。模式首先模拟了季风涡旋的东南侧增强的西南气流中出现低形变旋转性扰动,随着扰动的旋转性增强,中层出现水平尺度为200 km左右的MCV。在扰动区内的不同高度上还发现10~20 km尺度不等的中γ气旋性涡旋扰动,其中部分涡旋扰动具有热塔的特征,中γ气旋性涡旋扰动在MCV的旋转环境内不断组织化,低层气旋性涡旋扰动的分布比中层更加集中。模拟表明这些较小尺度的气旋性中尺度涡旋扰动对热带气旋的生成有重要作用。  相似文献   

Lessons learned from the 2013 Calgary flood: Assessing risk of drinking water well contamination     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2017

A devastating flood occurred in southern Alberta on June 19, 2013, from greater than normal snowfalls in the Rocky Mountains and excess precipitation during the early spring that left soils saturated and unable to absorb any additional precipitation. This flood was Canada's most costly natural disaster, with five to six billion Canadian dollars in damages. The first objective of this study was to determine if the flood caused an increase in private drinking water well contamination in the Calgary Health Zone by comparing contamination rates to previous years. The second objective was to determine which environmental factors were associated with contamination during this flood event. Test results of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) of private water wells were used to determine contamination. A geographically weighted Poisson regression analysis suggested that TC contamination was not associated with this flood. The EC contamination is positively associated with floodways, flood fringe, farms, and negatively associated with intermittent water (sloughs). These results suggest that for the 2013 flood, individual well characteristics are more important than surrounding geographic features. Thus, it is recommended that homeowners who live in a high-risk area ensure their wells are properly maintained to reduce risk of water well contamination.  相似文献   

2017年西北太平洋和南海热带气旋预报精度评定   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈国民  张喜平  白莉娜  万日金 《气象》2019,45(4):577-586

以中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的最佳路径数据集为依据,对2017年西北太平洋和南海海域热带气旋定位精度及路径、强度和登陆点预报精度进行了评定。评定结果表明：2017年定位总平均误差为26.7 km,比2016年略偏大。无论是主观预报还是客观预报方法,近两年在72 h以内的路径预报整体水平并没有超越2015年。2017年,中央气象台除了对台风纳沙在台湾宜兰的24 h登陆点预报较差外,其余台风的24 h登陆点预报误差基本在65 km以下。采用不同机构的最佳路径或实时定位定强数据作为参考会对精度评定的结果产生较大影响。  相似文献   

西北太平洋热带气旋移动方向变化异常的环流特征   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

周宜卿  余锦华 《气象科学》2015,35(6):720-727

基于中国气象局和上海台风研究所整编的1972-2011年热带气旋(TC)best-track资料,采用极端天气气候事件定义的百分位法确定TC移动方向异常变化的阈值,利用Lanczos滤波法将大气环流分解成为季节内振荡(MJO)、准两周振荡(QBW)和天气3种尺度环流场,研究这3种尺度环流对热带气旋在南海地区异常北折的影响。结果表明:近40 a的资料统计显示,热带气旋12 h内移向逆时针方向偏转50°以及顺时针方向偏转47°为TC移动方向变化的95%分位数值,将12 h移动方向变化大于该数值的TC定义为移动方向变化异常。TC异常路径平均每年发生2.68次,9月份发生的概率最大,约为7%,最常发生在南海海域。分析3个发生在南海地区热带气旋异常北折的引导气流发现,在TC转向前,向西的引导气流纬向速度减慢,经向分量先向南加速,随后突然转为向北加速。天气尺度对应的引导气流对TC异常右偏影响最为明显,对流层中高层热带气旋中心东南侧强天气尺度西南气流引导TC异常右偏。  相似文献   

2009年西北太平洋热带气旋定位和业务预报精度评定   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

占瑞芬  汤杰  余晖 《气象》2010,36(10):114-121

依据《台风业务和服务规定》分析2009年热带气旋(TC)业务定位和业务预报精度,主要包括:6个方法的定位精度,12个综合预报方法、3个客观预报方法和6个数值预报方法的路径预报精度,以及4个方法的强度(近中心最大风速,下同)预报精度评定。结果表明:各方法的平均定位误差均小于21 km,平均17.1 km,较2008年有所改进。国内综合预报方法的24小时、48小时和72小时路径预报的平均距离误差分别为115.8 km、217.5 km和357.1 km,与2008年相比有所偏大;客观预报方法略优于综合预报方法,24小时和48小时预报的平均距离误差分别为113.0 km和211.4 km;4个官方综合预报方法比较发现,中央气象台对我国近海海域的TC路径预报具有明显优势。强度预报仍然以统计方法为主,2009年24小时和48小时近中心最大风速预报的平均误差分别为4.90 m·s~(-1)和7.43 m·s~(-1),相比近10年的平均水平,预报性能没有明显提高。  相似文献   

台湾岛及邻近区域热带气旋异常路径特征分析     

刘爱鸣  林毅  吴幸毓 《气象》2010,36(9):29-35

利用热带气旋资料和天气图、卫星云图等观测资料,统计分析了1949-2008年入侵台湾岛及邻近区域的热带气旋出现的各类异常路径的时间、空间分布规律及成因。结果表明,异常路径的形成是环境流场和台湾地形共同作用的结果,在特定的环流形势下,台湾地形的影响,导致入侵这一带区域的热带气旋结构及其周围的气压场和流场发生变化,并可能诱生出地形槽或低压。热带气旋出现左折、右折、打转和诱生低压发展取代原热带气旋的异常路径,发生在不同地点的异常路径,地形和环境作用的主次关系不同。  相似文献   

混合层深度对热带气旋强度的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李杰  蒋小平  元慧慧  王骥鹏 《气象》2010,36(4):27-29

利用建立的中尺度海气耦合模式进行一组敏感性试验,以考察初始混合层深度对热带气旋(TC)强度的影响。试验结果表明,初始混合层深度对TC最大强度和增强时间影响都较大。一般来说,初始混合层越深,模拟的TC最大强度越大,TC增强时间越长。另外,TC与混合层深度的关系并不是线性的。当混合层较浅时,TC强度对其变化更为敏感。  相似文献   

An Application of the Adjoint Method to a Statistical-Dynamical Tropical-Cyclone Prediction Model （SD-90） Ⅱ： Real Tropical Cyclone Cases     

项杰廖前锋  黄思训兰伟仁冯强  周凤才 《大气科学进展》2006,23(1):118-126

In the first paper in this series, a variational data assimilation of ideal tropical cyclone （TC） tracks was performed for the statistical-dynamical prediction model SD-90 by the adjoint method, and a prediction of TC tracks was made with good accuracy for tracks containing no sharp turns. In the present paper, the cases of real TC tracks are studied. Due to the complexity of TC motion, attention is paid to the diagnostic research of TC motion. First, five TC tracks are studied. Using the data of each entire TC track, by the adjoint method, five TC tracks are fitted well, and the forces acting on the TCs are retrieved. For a given TC, the distribution of the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force well matches the corresponding TC track, i.e., when a TC turns, the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force acts as a centripetal force, which means that the TC indeed moves like a particle; in particular, for TC 9911, the clockwise looping motion is also fitted well. And the distribution of the resultant appears to be periodic in some cases. Then, the present method is carried out for a portion of the track data for TC 9804, which indicates that when the amount of data for a TC track is sufficient, the algorithm is stable. And finally, the same algorithm is implemented for TCs with a double-eyewall structure, namely Bilis （2000） and Winnie （1997）, and the results prove the applicability of the algorithm to TCs with complicated mesoscale structures if the TC track data are obtained every three hours.  相似文献   

An Application of the Adjoint Method to a Statistical-Dynamical Tropical-Cyclone Prediction Model (SD–90) II: Real Tropical Cyclone Cases     

XIANG Jie  LIAO Qianfeng  HUANG Sixun  LAN Weiren  FENG Qiang  ZHOU Fengcai 《大气科学进展》2006,23(1):118-126

In the first paper in this series, a variational data assimilation of ideal tropical cyclone (TC) tracks was performed for the statistical-dynamical prediction model SD-90 by the adjoint method, and a prediction of TC tracks was made with good accuracy for tracks containing no sharp turns. In the present paper, the cases of real TC tracks are studied. Due to the complexity of TC motion, attention is paid to the diagnostic research of TC motion. First, five TC tracks are studied. Using the data of each entire TC track, by the adjoint method, five TC tracks are fitted well, and the forces acting on the TCs are retrieved. For a given TC, the distribution of the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force well matches the corresponding TC track, i.e., when a TC turns, the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force acts as a centripetal force, which means that the TC indeed moves like a particle; in particular, for TC 9911, the clockwise looping motion is also fitted well. And the distribution of the resultant appears to be periodic in some cases. Then, the present method is carried out for a portion of the track data for TC 9804, which indicates that when the amount of data for a TC track is sufficient, the algorithm is stable. And finally, the same algorithm is implemented for TCs with a double-eyewall structure, namely Bilis (2000) and Winnie (1997), and the results prove the applicability of the algorithm to TCs with complicated mesoscale structures if the TC track data are obtained every three hours.  相似文献