CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Air–Sea Exchange due to Calcium Carbonate and Organic Matter Storage,and its Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle     

Abraham?LermanEmail author  Fred?T.?Mackenzie 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2005,11(4):345-390

Release of CO₂ from surface ocean water owing to precipitation of CaCO₃ and the imbalance between biological production of organic matter and its respiration, and their net removal from surface water to sedimentary storage was studied by means of a quotient θ = (CO₂ flux to the atmosphere)/(CaCO₃ precipitated). θ depends not only on water temperature and atmospheric CO₂ concentration but also on the CaCO₃ and organic carbon masses formed. In CO₂ generation by CaCO₃ precipitation, θ varies from a fraction of 0.44 to 0.79, increasing with decreasing temperature (25 to 5°C), increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration (195–375 ppmv), and increasing CaCO₃ precipitated mass (up to 45% of the initial DIC concentration in surface water). Primary production and net storage of organic carbon counteracts the CO₂ production by carbonate precipitation and it results in lower CO₂ emissions from the surface layer. When atmospheric CO₂ increases due to the ocean-to-atmosphere flux rather than remaining constant, the amount of CO₂ transferred is a non-linear function of the surface layer thickness because of the back-pressure of the rising atmospheric CO₂. For a surface ocean layer approximated by a 50-m-thick euphotic zone that receives input of inorganic and organic carbon from land, the calculated CO₂ flux to the atmosphere is a function of the CaCO₃ and C_org net storage rates. In general, the carbonate storage rate has been greater than that of organic carbon. The CO₂ flux near the Last Glacial Maximum is 17 to 7×10¹² mol/yr (0.2–0.08 Gt C/yr), reflecting the range of organic carbon storage rates in sediments, and for pre-industrial time it is 38–42×10¹² mol/yr (0.46–0.50 Gt C/yr). Within the imbalanced global carbon cycle, our estimates indicate that prior to anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ to the atmosphere the land organic reservoir was gaining carbon and the surface ocean was losing carbon, calcium, and total alkalinity owing to the CaCO₃ storage and consequent emission of CO₂. These results are in agreement with the conclusions of a number of other investigators. As the CO₂ uptake in mineral weathering is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, the CO₂ weathering pathway that originates in the CO₂ produced by remineralization of soil humus rather than by direct uptake from the atmosphere may reduce the relatively large imbalances of the atmosphere and land organic reservoir at 10²–10⁴-year time scales.  相似文献   

近40年北疆年积雪日数变化的CEOF分析   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8  

董安祥  郭慧  王丽萍  梁天刚 《高原气象》2004,23(6):936-940

通过1961—2001年间北疆年积雪日数的CEOF分析,研究了40年来北疆年降雪日数的时空变化特点。结果表明：北疆年积雪日数场有波动特征。第一种类型为南—北一致偏多(偏少)型,空间位相相近,并有6．4年和3．6年的周期。第二种类型为西南—东北一致偏多(偏少)型,空间位相相近,并有6.4年的周期。第一复主分量的时间位相和第二复主分量的时间振幅峰值年可用于年积雪日数的预测。  相似文献   

Climate during the last glacial maximum in the Wasatch and southern Uinta Mountains inferred from glacier modeling   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Benjamin J.C. Laabs  Mitchell A. Plummer  David M. Mickelson 《Geomorphology》2006,75(3-4):300

Recent improvements in understanding glacial extents and chronologies in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains and other mountain ranges in the western U.S. call for a more detailed approach to using glacier reconstructions to infer paleoclimates than commonly applied AAR-ELA-ÄT methods. A coupled 2-D mass balance and ice-flow numerical modeling approach developed by [Plummer, M.A., Phillips, F.M., 2003. A 2-D numerical model of snow/ice energy balance and ice flow for paleoclimatic interpretation of glacial geomorphic features. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1389–1406] allows exploration of the combined effects of temperature, precipitation, shortwave radiation and many secondary parameters on past ice extents in alpine settings. We apply this approach to the Little Cottonwood Canyon in the Wasatch Mountains and the Lake Fork and Yellowstone Canyons in the south-central Uinta Mountains. Results of modeling experiments indicate that the Little Cottonwood glacier required more precipitation during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than glaciers in the Uinta Mountains, assuming lapse rates were similar to modern. Model results suggest that if temperatures in the Wasatch Mountains and Uinta Mountains were  6 °C to 7 °C colder than modern, corresponding precipitation changes were  3 to 2× modern in Little Cottonwood Canyon and  2 to 1× modern in Lake Fork and Yellowstone Canyons. Greater amounts of precipitation in the Little Cottonwood Canyon likely reflect moisture derived from the surface of Lake Bonneville, and the lake may have also affected the mass balance of glaciers in the Uinta Mountains.  相似文献   

中国降雪气候学特征   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17  

刘玉莲  任国玉  于宏敏 《地理科学》2012,(10):1176-1185

利用逐日地面降雪观测资料,分析中国25oN以北范围内降雪量、降雪日数、雪带分布和各强度降雪的气候学特征,得到以下结论:①雪季长度与年降雪日数在东部呈纬向分布,大兴安岭北部最长(>210 d),长江以南最短(常年无雪或偶尔降雪);在西部青海省南部和西藏自治区北部最长(>300 d),滇、川、藏交界处及新疆自治区北部较长,南疆较短(<60 d)。年降雪量东南部最少,东北和西北北部较多(>30 mm),青海和西藏降雪量最多(>60 mm)。平均降雪强度江淮一带最大。②根据雪季降雪频次划分中国的雪带,东北大部、内蒙自治区东部、新疆北部、青藏高原大部、秦岭等地区为常年多雪带;长江以南的滇南、四川盆地、江浙沿海等地区为永久无雪带;其余地区为常年降雪带和偶尔降雪带。③不同区域各级降雪日数占总降雪日数的比例都是暴雪日数最少,大雪日数其次,小雪日数最多;但中雪降雪量占总降雪量的比例在东北北部、华北、西北、新疆、东南、青藏高原东部等区域仅高于小雪降雪量,而在黄-淮地区仅次于暴雪降雪量。④降雪年内分配在东北北部、西北、新疆、青藏高原东部等地区都呈双峰型,最多雪时节在早冬和晚冬、早春,隆冬时节并不是降雪最多时间,黄-淮和东南地区呈单峰型,东南地区峰值更陡。⑤总降雪日数和除暴雪外的各等级降雪日数与地理位置关系较明显,在中国东部主要随着纬度升高增加,在中国西部随海拔高度增加而增加;随着纬度升高,东部和西部的总降雪强度都减小,西部的小雪强度也减小。  相似文献   

Changing Trends of Daily Temperature Extremes with Different Intensities in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

WANG Zuny  DING Yihui  ZHANG Qiang  SONG Yafang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(4):399-409

By comparing two sets of quality-controlled daily temperature observation data with and without the inhomogeneity test and adjustment from 654 stations in China during 1956-2004 and 1956-2010, impacts of inhomogeneity on changing trends of four percentile temperature extreme indices, including occurrences of cold days, cold nights, warm days, and warm nights with varying intensities, were discussed. It is found that the inhomogeneity affected the long-term trends averaged over extensive regions limitedly. In order to minimize the inhomogeneity impact, the 83 stations identified with obvious inhomogeneity impacts were removed, and an updated analysis of changing trends of the four temperature extreme indices with varying intensities during 1956-2010 was conducted. The results show that annual occurrences of both cold nights and cold days decreased greatly while those of warm nights and warm days increased significantly during the recent 20 years. The more extreme the event is, the greater the magnitude of changing trends for the temperature extreme index is. An obvious increasing trend was observed in annual occurrences of cold days and cold nights in the recent four years. The magnitude of changing trends of warm extreme indices was greater than that of cold extreme indices, and it was greater in northern China than in southern China. Trends for summer occurrence of cold days were not significant. Decreasing trends of occurrences of both cold nights and cold days were the greatest in December, January, and February (DJF) but the least in June, July, and August (JJA), while increasing trends of warm nights were the greatest in JJA. Cold nights significantly decreased from 1956 to 1990, and then the decreasing trend considerably weakened. The decreasing trend also showed an obvious slowdown in recent years for occurrence of cold days. However, increasing trends of warm nights and warm days both have been accelerated continuously since the recent decades. Further analysis presents that the evolution of the trends for occurrences of the four temperature extreme indices was dominated by the changes in northern China.  相似文献   

陕西苹果成熟期连阴雨指数及预报方法研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘璐  马杰 《气象》2012,38(8):1012-1016

选取陕西苹果30个生产基地县中果业发展水平具有代表性的12个台站,近50年(1961—2009年)9月中旬至10月上旬苹果成熟期连续3天及以上降水日数和无降水日数资料,设计并计算其连阴雨指数。将连阴雨指数分成强、偏强、中等、偏弱和弱5个等级,并用典型K阶自回归AR(K)预测模式进行独立样本预测试验。结果表明连阴雨指数能够较客观地反映基地县的连阴雨强度,且典型K阶自回归预测模式预测准确及基本准确率在83%左右,预报效果尚好,具有实用价值。  相似文献   

气象干旱时空表达方式的探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

段旭  陶云  郑建萌  樊风 《高原气象》2012,31(5):1332-1339

为了对气象干旱时空表达方式进行探讨,提出了气象干旱时间面积函数的概念及其表达式MD(Meteorological Drought),并利用1952年1月1日-2010年5月31日云南省全部站点逐日降水、气温观测数据计算得到的干旱CI指数,计算和分析了MD的时间分布。结果表明:(1)MD可客观、准确地表达近60年来云南发生干旱的过程和强度,解决了以往确定气象干旱事件时对持续时间和面积大小界定的主观性和不确定性,MD不仅可以完整地描述和比较有气象记录以来历史上的干旱事件,还可以连续滚动描述每个干旱过程的演变;(2)MD计算结果表明,1952-2010年云南干旱较严重的年份是:1959,1963,1966,1969,1974,1979,1984和2010年,其中,2010年为近60年来最旱的一年,干旱发生的时间比其他干旱较严重年份平均提前了90天左右,形成秋、冬、春和初夏连旱的罕见气候事件。  相似文献   

鲁西南8-9月份阴雨日数与前期大气环流关系     

景安华  孔凡忠 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(5):30-34

对鲁西南1979-2008年8-9月份阴雨日数进行统计分析,发现8-9月份阴雨日数总体呈上升趋势;与前期北半球500hPa月平均高度场进行相关分析,结果表明：8-9月份阴雨日数与北半球500hPa平均高度场存在显著的滞后相关性,共得出45个优势相关区,相关区具有明显的区域性,大多数优势相关区出现在60篘以南地区。阴雨日数与前期极涡位置及强弱有很好的对应关系。从优势相关区提取的预报因子具有明显的季节性,上一年秋冬季预报因子占6/9;建立预报方程,试用效果较好。  相似文献   

Past,present and future vegetation-cloud feedbacks in the Amazon Basin     

E. Pinto  Y. Shin  S. A. Cowling  C. D. Jones 《Climate Dynamics》2009,32(6):741-751

To begin exploring the underlying mechanisms that couple vegetation to cloud formation processes, we derive the lifting condensation level (LCL) to estimate cumulus cloud base height. Using a fully coupled land–ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (HadCM3LC), we investigate Amazonian forest feedbacks on cloud formation over three geological periods; modern-day (a.d. 1970–1990), the last glacial maximum (LGM; 21 kya), and under a future climate scenario (IS92a; a.d. 2070–2090). Results indicate that for both past and future climate scenarios, LCL is higher relative to modern-day. Statistical analyses indicate that the 800 m increase in LCL during the LGM is related primarily to the drier atmosphere promoted by lower tropical sea surface temperatures. In contrast, the predicted 1,000 m increase in LCL in the future scenario is the result of a large increase in surface temperature and reduced vegetation cover.  相似文献   

雷击地闪密度与雷暴日数的关系分析   总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9  

马金福  冯志伟 《气象科学》2009,29(5):674-678

根据美国卫星观测得到的我国各省区年平均总闪电资料并计算出各省区的年平均地闪密度(以下简称地闪密度);根据全国各省区220个站点的年平均雷暴日资料,按照<建筑物防雷设计规范>GB50057-94(2000年版)(以下简称<规范>)公式计算出全国各省区的地闪密度.比较两种方法得出的地闪密度,发现存在较大的差异,且不同区域差异变化很大.用单位雷暴日地闪密度概念,分析了我国各地单位雷暴日地闪密度的差异及其原因,指出单位雷暴日地闪密度能粗略反映与我国气候特征相适应的地闪密度的分布状况.进一步分析湖州市2007年人工观测和闪电定位仪观测的闪电资料,得到相同的结论.从而提出<规范>规定的地闪密度计算公式存在较大误差,应对其进行进一步的修订和完善.  相似文献