Integrated Sensible Heat Flux Measurements of a Two-Surface Composite Landscape using Scintillometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J.-P. Lagouarde  J.-M. Bonnefond  Y. H. Kerr  K. J. McAneney  M. Irvine 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(1):5-35

The potential of the LAS (large aperture scintillometry) method for measuring sensible heat flux (H) directly integrated over a two-field composite surface is evaluated. We describe a field experiment performed within the Alpilles/ReSeDa project in the south-east of France over a composite surface made up of wheat and bare soil (451 and 216 m long respectively) using two 0.15-m diameter scintillometers mounted at heights of 2.05 and 4.54 m. When compared against reference values obtained by the eddy correlation technique, LAS-measured sensible heat flux reveals a systematic overestimation of about 10%. A simple model describing the integration of the scintillometer signal along the beam for a two-field composite surface is described. A simulation of the experiment confirms that the bias observed isrelated to non-linearities in the integration process in relation with thebell-shape sensitivity curve of the instrument to the structure parameter for the refractive index it measures. The model is used to test the sensitivity of the LAS-derived H values to the composition of the pathlength (ratio of both surfaces) and to the contrast in sensible heat flux and roughness length between the two fields. Sensitivity tests to the aggregation scheme for roughness length (two of them are tested) and to the measurement height are also presented. The composition of the surface in combination with the contrast in sensible heat flux (in direct relation with the contrast in latent heat flux) explains most of the bias, with possible deviations ranging from -50 up to 80 W m^-2. A tentative semi-empirical method for correcting the bias is suggested, which only requires a crude estimate of the contrast in component sensible heat fluxes along the pathlength.  相似文献   

Determination of Area-Averaged Sensible Heat Fluxes with a Large Aperture Scintillometer over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment     

W. M. L. Meijninger  O. K. Hartogensis  W. Kohsiek  J. C. B. Hoedjes  R. M. Zuurbier  H. A. R. De Bruin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(1):37-62

To test the applicability of the scintillation method over a heterogeneous area an experiment was carried out in the summer of 1998 in Flevoland (The Netherlands). In the patchy area only four crops were grown namely sugar beet, potatoes, wheat and onions. From eddy covariance measurements it was found that the heterogeneity was mainly caused by differences in thermal properties. No variations in the aerodynamics roughness length were observed. Two large aperture scintillometers were installed at a height of 11.6 and 20.4 m. A good resemblance was found between the sensible heat fluxes derived from both LAS instruments and the area-averaged fluxes obtained from the in-situ eddy covariance measurements. The slight underestimation of the lower LAS could be assessed using a blending height model and an analytical footprint model. The results also indicated that when scintillometer measurements are made below the blending height the violation to Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory is small and that reasonable fluxes can be obtained from path-averaged structure parameters.  相似文献   

Marine Boundary Layer And Turbulent Fluxes Over The Baltic Sea: Measurements And Modelling     

Sven-Erik Gryning  Ekaterina Batchvarova 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,103(1):29-47

Two weeks of measurements of the boundary-layer height over a small island (Christiansø) in the Baltic Sea are discussed. The meteorological conditions are characterised by positive heat flux over the sea. The boundary-layer height was simulated with two models, a simple applied high-resolution (2 km × 2 km) model, and the operational numerical weather prediction model HIRLAM (grid resolution of 22.5 km × 22.5 km). For southwesterly winds it was foundthat a relatively large island (Bornholm) lying 20-km upwind of the measuring site influences the boundary-layer height. In this situation the high-resolution simple applied model reproduces the characteristics of the boundary-layer height over the measuring site. Richardson-number based methods using data from simulations with the HIRLAM model fail, most likely because the island and the water fetch to the measuring site are about the size of the grid resolution of the HIRLAM model and therefore poorly resolved. For northerly winds, the water fetch to the measuring site is about 100 km. Both models reproduce the characteristics of the height of the marine boundary layer. This suggests that the HIRLAM model adequately resolves a water fetch of 100 km with respect to predictions of the height of the marine boundary layer.  相似文献   

典型干旱区荒漠戈壁陆面参数的观测研究   总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29  

Zhang Qiang  Cao Xiaoyan  Wei Guoan  Huang Ronghui 《大气科学进展》2002,19(1):121-135

根据目前流行的陆面过程模式的需要，利用２０００年５－６月敦煌陆面过程野外观测实验加强期的观测资料，分析了西北典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的一些关键陆面过程和土壤参数的特征和规律。并且利用相对反射为权重加权平均，计算得到典型干旱区敦煌荒漠戈壁的平均反射率为０.２５５±０.０２１；剔除建筑物干扰后，利用对数平均法计算的粗糙度长度平均值为０，００１９±０。０００７１ ｍ；剔除绿洲影响后，用无降水影响的资料确定出土壤湿度影响因子为０．００４５；剔除降水影响后，用观测资料计算的敦煌典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的热容量平均值为１．１２×１０~６ｍ~（－３）Ｋ~（－１），比“黑河试验”在戈壁和在其它沙漠观测的有关值略小一些，但热扩散率和热传导率都比“黑河试验”在戈壁观测的值小一倍左右；观测的敦煌戈壁典型天气条件下的土壤含水量非常小，基本上不超过１％。  相似文献   

青藏高原北部的大气加热场特征   总被引：12，自引：9，他引：12  

季国良  顾本文  吕兰芝 《高原气象》2002,21(3):238-242

利用五道梁1994－1997年的实际观测资料，结合一些经验计算公式计算得到了1994－1997年青藏高原北部地区的大气加热场强度。结果表明，从4年平均情况来看，高原北部地区4－8月大气加热场为热源，10月－2月为冷源，3月和9月为转换时期；就年平均大气加热场强度年际变化来看，1994年和1995年为大气冷源，1996年和1997年则为大气热源；高原北部的大气加热场强度的年际变化主由地面感热输送的年际变化所决定。  相似文献   

Heat transfer in quartz, orthoclase, and sanidine at elevated temperature     

M. Höfer  F. R. 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(9):571-584

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Variation of fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and carbon dioxide above winter wheat and maize canopies     

ZHANG Yongqiang  SHEN Yanjun  YU Qiang  LIU Changming  A. Kondoh  TANG Changyuan  SUN Hongyong  JIA Jinsheng 《地理学报》2002,12(3):295-300

Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse "U" type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided by Rn stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the average G/Rn from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function. EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.  相似文献   

Global heat flow simulation based on a kinematic model of mantle flow   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zheng-Ren Ye  Jian Wang 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,148(2):329-335

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Inversion of marine heat flow measurements by expansion of the temperature decay function   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

A. Hartmann  H. Villinger 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,148(3):628-636

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淮河流域高温热浪时空演变规律及成因分析     

卜凡蕊  孙鹏  姚蕊  张强  温庆志  胡玉乾  冯安兰 《地理科学》2021,41(4):705-716

基于淮河流域1960—2014年39个气象站点数据、太平洋气候因子和NECP/NCAR再分析数据基础,利用空间Ward-like层次聚类分析划分4个子区域,通过体感温度的高温热浪指数分析淮河流域不同分区的夏季高温热浪时空演变特征,并通过EOF分析、相关性分析和大气环流遥相关等进一步揭示淮河流域高温热浪演变机理。研究表明：① 1960—2014年淮河流域夏季高温、高温热浪开始时间和持续时间均呈先增后减的趋势,20世纪80年代由暖相位进入冷相位,2010年后由冷相位进入暖相位;② 淮河流域各分区高温热浪开始时间呈现区域差异,分区1的高温热浪事件开始时间最早（平均为5月28日）,分区3次之（平均为6月1日）,分区2和分区4高温热浪开始时间最晚;③ 淮河流域轻度热浪发生频次最多平均为1.24次/a,中度热浪发生频次次之,平均为0.37次/a,重度热浪发生频次最少,平均为0.04次/a;淮河流域高温热浪事件与太平洋东部变暖（厄尔尼诺）或变冷（拉尼娜）变化相同。④ 青藏高原和内蒙古低压减弱导致了热浪高温事件的增加。分区4和分区1发生热浪的时间主要发生6、9月,分区2和分区3热浪发生时间集中在7、8月。分区1（西部）和分区4（东部）与Niño3、Niño1+2、MEI和PDO的相关性较高,分区2和分区3与Niño3.4、PNA相关性较高。  相似文献