水压致裂技术测试底板岩体张开型临界应力强度因子     

郑纲  门玉明  靳德武 《煤田地质与勘探》2004,32(1):43-45

利用断裂力学进行突水判别,必须求出临界应力强度因子。由于岩体结构复杂,很难获取符合临界应力强度因子测试的岩样。文中对水压致裂技术进行了断裂力学解释,建立了断裂力学模型,应用叠加原理推导了临界应力强度因子的计算公式。并应用这一结果,对葛店煤矿水压致裂测试底板原位地应力资料进行了分析,求得底板岩体的临界应力强度因子。   相似文献   

全球新仙女木事件的恢复及其触发机制研究进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李潮流  康世昌 《冰川冻土》2006,28(4):568-576

大约发生在12.9~11.6 ka BP的新仙女木事件(YD)在气候突变的研究中占有重要地位,然而对其触发时间、触发地点、触发机制以及YD事件是否是一个全球性的事件一直存在很大争议,并且该事件触发机制的研究对目前全球温度快速升高背景下未来气候变化的预测也有很大的意义.综述了近年来世界范围内YD事件恢复的最新研究,分析了该事件在全球不同区域发生时间和强度的异同,目前北半球对该事件的记录比较一致,南半球还有很大分歧.介绍了YD事件的可能触发机制,YD事件的触发除了北大西洋温盐环流终止之外,也可能受到诸如太阳辐射减少和赤道大洋的影响.最后讨论了有待加强的研究区域和未来的研究方向.  相似文献   

ADCP application for long-term monitoring of coastal water   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

YOSHIOKA Hiroshi  TAKAYAMA Tomotsuk  SERIZAWA Shigeatsu 《海洋学报(英文版)》2005,24(1):95-100

Three kind of application of ADCP is reported for long-term monitoring in coastal sea. (1)The routine monitoring of water qualities. The water quality and ADCP echo data (600 kHz) observed in the long-term are analgzed at MT (Marine Tower) Station of Kansai International Airport in the Osaka Bay, Japan. The correlation between the turbidity and echo intensity in the surface layer is not good because air bubbles generated by breaking wave are not detected by the turbidity meter, but detected well by ADCP. When estimating the turbidity consists ofplankrton population from echo intensity, the effect of bubbles have to be eliminated. (2) Monitoring stirring up of bottom sediment. The special observation was carried out by using following two ADCP in the Osaka Bay, One ADCP was installed upward on the sea. The other ADCP was hanged downward at the gate type stand about 3 m above from the bottom. At the spring tide, high echo intensities indicating the stirring up of bottom sediment were observed. (3) The monitoring for the boundary condition of water mixing at an estuary. In summer season, the ADCP was set at the mouth of Tanabe Bay in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. During the observation, water temperature near the bottom showed remarkable falls with interval of about 5～7d. When the bottom temperature fell, the inflow current with low echo intensity water appears at the bottom layer in the ADCP record. It is concluded that when occasional weak northeast wind makes weak coastal upwelling at the mouth of the bay, the combination ofupwelling with internal tidal flow causes remarkable water exchange and dispels the red tide.  相似文献   

山岳型酒店能源强度与碳排放特征研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

姚李忠  王中华  徐圣友 《地理科学》2020,40(6):965-972

以黄山西海饭店为山岳型景区案例酒店，采用能源消费账户法与碳足迹法对样本数据进行深入分析，系统地研究了案例酒店近5 a来的能耗与碳排放情况。结果表明，水电是案例酒店的主要能耗，其中，用电能耗在酒店总能耗中占比最高，平均为98%左右；用水占比最小，只有总能耗的1%左右。案例酒店能源消耗总量每年约500 t标准煤，年均碳排放量约为3 695.5 tCO₂，呈现逐年增加趋势。2014?2018年，水电能源消耗最大的部门不是客房部和餐饮部等酒店主营部门，而是园林绿化、公用等酒店辅助部门，用水量达到用水总量的39%~58%，用电量达到用电总量的59.41%~66.68%。酒店年平均能源强度约为0.06 t标准煤/万元，每晚游客人均能耗约0.001 t标准煤。案例酒店碳排放量为217.17~257.84 kgCO₂/m²，年均碳排放量为236.79 kgCO₂/m²。案例酒店年碳排放量与能耗强度呈正相关，且随着酒店能耗强度的上升，碳排放总量也随之增加。  相似文献   

Intensity Measurement of Backscattered Light from Underwater Targets Using Femtosecond Pulse Laser     

Xiaoyu Zhai  Jianguo Wei  Kai Zhang  Haoyun Zhang  Zhiyang Wang 《Marine Geodesy》2019,42(3):316-326

In this paper, we experimentally perform the measurement of the backscattered light intensity from the underwater targets with different size. We develop a simple system, which can easily measure the intensity of the backscattered light, after the laser is scattered at the target underwater. We find that, the signal period is related to the particle size, and the stability of the intensity (standard deviation) varies linearly with changing the particle size. After the calibration, our system can be used to precisely determine the particle size of arbitrary targets. Our method could open a new opportunity for the future underwater detection using femtosecond pulse laser.  相似文献   

象山港海岸带人工建设地貌强度指数及其空间格局演变特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

黄日鹏  李加林  杨磊  何改丽  冯佰香 《海洋学研究》2018,36(1):46-57

随着东部沿海港湾地区的经济迅速发展和人工建设地貌的不断形成,港湾地区地貌格局也产生相应的变化。定量研究海岸带人工建设地貌时空格局变化,对全面科学合理地评价人类建设行为,具有一定的科学和实践价值。本文以象山港1990年、2000年、2010年及2015年4个时期TM/OLI遥感影像作为主要数据源,分析了25 a内象山港海岸带人工建设地貌强度变化,并进一步探讨其空间格局演变特征。研究表明:(1)象山港海岸带人工建设地貌发育呈现出早期高速增长、中期缓慢增加、后续强劲推进的态势,其面积增幅具有显著的历史阶段性特征;(2)各个县(市)区点状和面状地貌斑块数量整体波动上升,但其内部发育水平差异较大,宁海县与象山县地貌发育的速率与程度都处于领先水平;(3)其格局演化过程分为4个重要阶段:点状分散期,面状集聚期,条带状延展期与复合、更新扩散期。  相似文献   

Stemflow on the woody parts of plants: dependence on rainfall intensity and event profile from laboratory simulations          下载免费PDF全文

David Dunkerley 《水文研究》2014,28(22):5469-5482

This paper presents the first experimental study of how rainfall intensity and event profile affects stemflow behaviour on the rigid branches and stems of leafless, woody plants. Constant intensity rainfall simulation experiments showed that stemflow fraction rises with intensity. Varying intensity experiments showed that the stemflow fraction and stemflow flux vary with the rainfall event intensity profile and peak intensity. Stemflow fraction tends to be larger when intensity peaks occur early in the rainfall event, and variable intensity events exhibited peak stemflow fluxes >3 times those seen in constant intensity events. Moreover, experiments in which incident drop energy was reduced by a mesh screen suspended above the test plant commonly showed increases of >100% (and exceeding 300% under particular intensity profiles) in stemflow fraction, depth and peak stemflow flux. The results suggest that the development of trickle pathways along woody branches is facilitated by rain of moderate intensity and that splash dislodgement of attached water progressively reduces the adhesion of drops during intense rainfall. Thus, in plants with extensive woody branches, it is not merely rainfall intensity that determines stemflow fraction but the temporal variations in rainfall intensity. This offers a new explanation for increased stemflow production when trees are leafless, than when foliage is present, in terms of the reduced intensity peaks during rain in the dormant season. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Double funnelling in a mature coastal British Columbia forest: spatial patterns of stemflow after infiltration          下载免费PDF全文

S. A. Spencer  H. J. van Meerveld 《水文研究》2016,30(22):4185-4201

Many studies have focused on the amount of stemflow in different forests and for different rainfall events, but few studies have focused on how stemflow intensity varies during events or the infiltration of stemflow into the soil. Stemflow may lead to higher water delivery rates at the base of the tree compared with throughfall over the same area and fast and deeper infiltration of this water along roots and other preferential flow pathways. In this study, stemflow amounts and intensities were measured and blue dye experiments were conducted in a mature coniferous forest in coastal British Columbia to examine double funnelling of stemflow. Stemflow accounted for only 1% of precipitation and increased linearly with event total precipitation. Funnelling ratios ranged from less than 1 to almost 20; smaller trees had larger funnelling ratios. Stemflow intensity generally was highest for periods with high‐intensity rainfall later in the event. The maximum stemflow intensities were higher than the maximum precipitation intensities. Dye tracer experiments showed that stemflow infiltrated primarily along roots and was found more frequently at depth than near the soil surface. Lateral flow of stemflow was observed above a dense clay layer for both the throughfall and stemflow experiments. Stemflow appeared to infiltrate deeper (122 cm) than throughfall (85 cm), but this difference was in part a result of site‐specific differences in maximum soil depth. However, the observed high stemflow intensities combined with preferential flow of stemflow may lead to enhanced subsurface stormflow. This suggests that even though stemflow is only a very minor component of the water balance, it may still significantly affect soil moisture, recharge, and runoff generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

孟加拉湾风暴对高原地区降水的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

段旭  段玮 《高原气象》2015,34(1):1-10

利用卫星遥感数据TRMM(3B42)与地面观测数据变分订正后的降水量资料、TBB资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对1998 2010年25个孟加拉湾风暴的登陆路径、强度、冷空气入侵及大气季节变化对高原地区降水的影响进行了分类统计分析,结果表明:(1)孟加拉湾风暴是造成高原地区降水的重要天气系统,最活跃的时段集中在5月和10 11月,对高原地区的影响主要以降水为主;(2)在孟加拉湾风暴登陆的3条路径中,东北路径对云贵高原和青藏高原东南部地区影响最大,西北路径登陆风暴主要影响青藏高原南部地区,偏西路径登陆风暴对高原地区影响最小;(3)东北路径登陆风暴,热带风暴强度比飓风强度给高原地区带来更强的降水,而西北路径飓风强度风暴的影响较大;(4)当东北路径孟加拉湾风暴与云贵高原地区冷空气相遇时,其降水量比无冷空气配合时大2个等级;(5)孟加拉湾风暴活动时段存在5月和10 11月两个峰值,因季节性的大气环流(引导气流)和水汽输送(强弱)以及热带气旋生成基本条件的不同,导致了高原地区降水程度的差异。  相似文献   

重庆主城区暴雨强度公式推算和应用探讨   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

郭渠  廖代强  孙佳  程炳岩  康俊  张驰  魏麟骁 《气象》2015,41(3):336-345

根据重庆市主城区沙坪坝、北碚、巴南、渝北站1981-2013年逐分钟降水资料,基于年最大值和年多个样法两种数据采样方式,采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布、耿贝尔分布和指数分布曲线拟合,分别编制了暴雨强度公式。结果表明:年最大值法取样推求的暴雨强度值在10 a以下重现期部分小于年多个样法,在11-30 a重现期部分两者差别小,在31-100 a重现期部分年最大值法大于年多个样法。4站均以年多个样法取样推求的暴雨强度公式误差最小。巴南和北碚选用1981-2013年、渝北与沙坪坝选用1991-2013年降水数据根据年多个样法取样采用指数分布曲线拟合推算的暴雨强度公式。通过分析各历时降水量空间分布特征,划定了新编暴雨强度公式在重庆主城区的适用范围。  相似文献