Tidal time-scale variation in nutrient flux across the sediment–water interface of an estuarine tidal flat     

Takashi Sakamaki  Osamu Nishimura  Ruichi Sudo 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2006,67(4):653-663

We determined the range of the tidal variations in nutrient flux across the sediment–water interface and elucidated mechanisms of the flux variation in two estuarine intertidal flats (one sand, one mud) in northeastern Japan. Nutrient flux was measured using in situ light and dark chambers, which were incubated for 2 h, 2–6 times per day. Results showed that nutrient concentration in overlying water varied by tide and was also affected by sewage-treated water inflow. The nutrient fluxes responded quickly to the tidal variation in overlying water chemistry and the range of the variation in flux was as large as the seasonal-scale variation reported in previous studies. In the sand flat, salinity increase likely enhanced benthos respiration and led to increases in both O₂ consumption and PO₄³⁻ regeneration under low illumination, while benthic microalgae were likely to actively generate O₂, uptake PO₄³⁻ and suppress PO₄³⁻ release under high illumination (>900 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). Also in the mud flat, PO₄³⁻ flux was related with O₂ flux, although the range of temporal variation in PO₄³⁻ flux was small. In both the flats, NH₄⁺ flux was always governed by NH₄⁺ concentration in the overlying water; either an increase in NH₄⁺ uptake or a decrease in NH₄⁺ release was observed as the NH₄⁺ concentration rose due to inflow of river water or input of sewage-treated water. Although NO₃⁻ tended to be released in both tidal flats when low NO₃⁻ concentration seawater dominated, their relationship was likely to be weakened under conditions of low oxygen consumption and suppressed denitrification. It is likely that tidal variation in nutrient flux is governed more by the nutrient concentration than other factors, such as benthic biological processes, particularly in the case where nutrient concentration in the overlying water is relatively high and with wide amplitude.  相似文献   

Fog interception by non‐vascular epiphytes in tropical montane cloud forests: dependencies on gauge type and meteorological conditions     

Juan Camilo Villegas  Conrado Tobón  David D. Breshears 《水文研究》2008,22(14):2484-2492

Precipitation is the most fundamental input of water for terrestrial ecosystems. Most precipitation inputs are vertical, via rain, but can be horizontal, via wind‐driven rain and snow, or, in some ecosystems such as tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs), via fog interception. Fog interception can be particularly important in ecosystems where fog is frequently present and there are seasonal periods of lower rainfall. Epiphytes in trees are a major ecological component of TMCFs and are particularly dependent on fog interception during periods of lower rainfall because they lack access to soil water. But assessing fog interception by epiphytes remains problematic because: (i) a variety of field or laboratory methods have been used, yet comparisons of interception by epiphytes versus interception by various types of fog gauge are lacking; (ii) previous studies have not accounted for potential interactions between meteorological factors. We compared fog interception by epiphytes with two kinds of commonly used fog gauges and developed relations between fog interception and meteorological variables by conducting laboratory experiments that manipulated key fog characteristics and from field measurements of fog interception by epiphytes. Fog interception measured on epiphytes was correlated with that measured from fog gauges but was more than an order of magnitude smaller than the actual measurements from fog gauges, highlighting a key measurement issue. Our laboratory measurements spanned a broad range of liquid water content (LWC) values for fog and indicate how fog interception is sensitive to an interaction between wind speed and LWC. Based on our results, considered in concert with those from other studies, we hypothesize that fog interception is constrained when LWC is low or high, and that fog interception increases with wind speed for intermediate values of LWC—a net result of deposition, impaction, and evaporation processes—until interception begins to decrease with further increases in wind speed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

论岩浆热液矿床的成矿期——以南岭地区燕山期钨矿为例     

汪相  楼法生 《地质论评》2022,68(1):2022010013-2022010013

中国岩浆热液型钨矿主要赋存在南岭地区的燕山期花岗岩体内部或周围。目前,尚无法精准地测定此类钨矿的成矿年龄,统计上,得出了两期钨成矿作用：150?160 Ma（主成矿期）和130?140 Ma（次成矿期）,然而,这困扰了对南岭钨矿成矿作用及其与花岗岩关系的理解。本文将综合分析各种最新资料,对成矿母岩、深部岩浆房和成矿机制开展系统的讨论,从而针对南岭钨矿的成矿模式给出明确的判断：（1）燕山早期呈岩基、岩株状的黑云母二长花岗岩不是南岭钨矿的成矿母岩,150?160 Ma的年龄值不是钨成矿作用的年龄值;（2）燕山晚期呈岩株、岩瘤、岩脉状的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩是潜在的钨源载体,但其体积太小,也无法满足成矿母岩要求;（3）当组合燕山早期主体花岗岩（黑云母二长花岗岩）、燕山晚期补体花岗岩（二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩）和燕山晚期钨矿三者为一体时,一种新颖的成矿模式被构建起来：一个长期存活的深部岩浆房可以分异出富含成矿物质的残余岩浆;当这种岩浆沿着张性断裂快速侵位时,将发生流体–熔体之间的溶离作用,碱性硅质流体形成含黑钨矿的石英脉,而强硅铝质熔体固结为二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩;（4）130?140 Ma的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩与黑钨矿石英脉是一对同源分体,两者的同步出现充分展示了成矿物质“源–运–储”的完整过程。该认识不仅可以合理地解释与岩浆热液矿床有关的多种地质现象（如“小岩体成大矿”）,而且更新了岩浆热液成矿作用理论,更加重要的是为找矿勘探提供了确切的指导方向。  相似文献   

The mixing of Mesozoic crust-mantle magma is the key to the source of large amounts of gold deposits in the Jiaobei uplift,ChinaSCIEI北大核心CSCD     

田瑞聪  李大鹏  张文  田京祥  于晓卫  耿科  张岩 《岩石学报》2022,38(1):23-40

胶东地区金矿巨量金质来源一直是学界争论的焦点,很难找到有说服力的直接证据。在没有其它更有效的直接证明巨量金质来源的情况下,本文通过胶北隆起主要地质体新鲜岩石大量微量元素地球化学数据的变化规律,间接得出中生代壳幔岩浆的混合反应是巨量金质来源的关键,即郭家岭和伟德山两期壳幔岩浆的混合反应和演化可能是巨量金质来源的主要形成机制,同时更是热量供给源,而玲珑花岗岩可能是少量金质的提供者和主要赋矿地质体。胶东地区金矿主要成矿时间(130～105Ma)与郭家岭(130～125Ma)和伟德山(126～108Ma)两期花岗岩浆演化结晶时间完全吻合,说明其关系密切,岩浆混合反应和冷凝期,岩浆热液上升运移沉淀成矿。该区中生代地质体对早前寒武纪的地球化学环境有一定的继承性,中生代地壳混合了大量地幔物质,Au丰度偏高,平均为1.31×10^-9,为地球化学高背景场。  相似文献   

Genesis of the Late Archean granitoids of the northern part of the Dharwar foreland (Dharwar Craton), south India – Insights from field,crystal size distribution,thermobarometry, microgeochemical and bulk-rock geochemical studies     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2021,81(1):125688

An intrusive granitoid pluton into TTG-Dharwar Supergroup greenstone sequence is being reported for the first time from the Dharwar Foreland region. Based on field and petrographic characteristics, these granitoids are classified as - quartz-monzodiorites and granites. Occasional mafic bodies of dioritic-granodioritic composition with size ranging from small microgranular magmatic enclaves to bodies of several centimeters are common in these granitoids.The granitoids are devoid of any crystal-plastic fabric as well as high-strain characteristics. The textural (CSD) studies indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites are derived from magma mixing whereas the granites are derived from equilibrium crystallization of the magma derived from the reworking of quartz-monzodiorites. The P-T estimates indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites were crystallized at higher temperature (>950 °C) and pressure (3.09–4.36 kbar) conditions in a reducing environment at mid-crustal levels. However, the granites indicate lower temperature (<750 °C) and pressure (0.89–1.88 kbar) conditions of crystallization in an oxidizing environment at shallow-crustal levels. The bulk rock chemical characteristics indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites were derived from the melt generated by the mixing of two melts - a melt derived from the differentiation of sanukitoids senso lato (s.l.) and a melt derived from the partial melting of TTG. On the other hand, reworking of the hot crystallizing quartz-monzodiorite due to its rapid upliftment to shallow crustal levels resulted in a decompression melting which gave rise to granitic melts.The relative age of the Dharwad granitoids is estimated to be ∼2580–2560 Ma and unlike the other older granitoids (> 2.61 Ga) reported from the northern part of the Shimoga greenstone belt, the studied granitoids marks the final stage of cratonization in the Foreland region.  相似文献   

Comment on “Comparative study of beta-decay data for eight nuclides measured at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt” [Astropart. Phys. 59 (2014) 47–58]     

《Astroparticle Physics》2015

We would like to comment on a recent paper by Sturrock et al. (2014) in which the authors analyze decay data acquired by an ionization chamber in our institute. They interpret the variations in the data as solar-driven changes in the decay rates of the radionuclides under study. In brief we would like to discuss and elucidate the properties and the origin of the data used by the authors and explain why these data are not a sound basis for claiming evidence for new physics.  相似文献   

论岩浆热液矿床的成矿期 ——以南岭地区燕山期钨矿为例     

汪相  楼法生 《地质论评》2022,68(2):507-530

中国岩浆热液型钨矿主要赋存在南岭地区的燕山期花岗岩体内部或周围.目前,尚无法精准地测定此类钨矿的成矿年龄,统计上,得出了两期钨成矿作用:150～160 Ma(主成矿期)和130～140 Ma(次成矿期),然而,这困扰了对南岭钨矿成矿作用及其与花岗岩关系的理解.笔者等将综合分析各种最新资料,对成矿母岩、深部岩浆房和成矿机...  相似文献   

The 26{middle dot}5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body     

WILSON  C. J. N.; BLAKE  S.; CHARLIER  B. L. A.; SUTTON  A. N. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(1):35-69

The caldera-forming 26·5 ka Oruanui eruption (Taupo,New Zealand) erupted 530 km³ of magma, >99% rhyolitic, <1%mafic. The rhyolite varies from 71·8 to 76·7 wt% SiO₂ and 76 to 112 ppm Rb but is dominantly 74–76 wt% SiO₂. Average rhyolite compositions at each stratigraphiclevel do not change significantly through the eruption sequence.Oxide geothermometry, phase equilibria and volatile contentsimply magma storage at 830–760°C, and 100–200MPa. Most rhyolite compositional variations are explicable by28% crystal fractionation involving the phenocryst and accessoryphases (plagioclase, orthopyroxene, hornblende, quartz, magnetite,ilmenite, apatite and zircon). However, scatter in some elementconcentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, and the presence of non-equilibriumcrystal compositions imply that mixing of liquids, phenocrystsand inherited crystals was also important in assembling thecompositional spectrum of rhyolite. Mafic compositions comprisea tholeiitic group (52·3–63·3 wt % SiO₂)formed by fractionation and crustal contamination of a contaminatedtholeiitic basalt, and a calc-alkaline group (56·7–60·5wt % SiO₂) formed by mixing of a primitive olivine–plagioclasebasalt with rhyolitic and tholeiitic mafic magmas. Both maficgroups are distinct from other Taupo Volcanic Zone eruptivesof comparable SiO₂ content. Development and destruction by eruptionof the Oruanui magma body occurred within 40 kyr and Oruanuicompositions have not been replicated in vigorous younger activity.The Oruanui rhyolite did not form in a single stage of evolutionfrom a more primitive forerunner but by rapid rejuvenation ofa longer-lived polygenetic, multi-age ‘stockpile’of silicic plutonic components in the Taupo magmatic system. KEY WORDS: Taupo Volcanic Zone; Taupo volcano; Oruanui eruption; rhyolite, zoned magma chamber; juvenile mafic compositions; eruption withdrawal systematics  相似文献   

Leucocratic and Gabbroic Xenoliths from Hualalai Volcano, Hawai'i   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SHAMBERGER  PATRICK J.; HAMMER  JULIA E. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(9):1785-1808

A diverse range of crustal xenoliths is hosted in young alkalibasalt lavas and scoria deposits (erupted 3–5 ka) at thesummit of Huallai. Leucocratic xenoliths, including monzodiorites,diorites and syenogabbros, are distinctive among Hawaiian plutonicrocks in having alkali feldspar, apatite, zircon and biotite,and evolved mineral compositions (e.g. albitic feldspar, clinopyroxeneMg-number 67–78). Fine-grained diorites and monzodioritesare plutonic equivalents of mugearite lavas, which are unknownat Huallai. These xenoliths appear to represent melt compositionsfalling along a liquid line of descent leading to trachyte—amagma type which erupted from Huallai as a prodigious lava flowand scoria cone at 114 ka. Inferred fractionating assemblages,MELTS modeling, pyroxene geobarometry and whole-rock norms allpoint to formation of the parent rocks of the leucocratic xenolithsat 3–7 kbar pressure. This depth constraint on xenolithformation, coupled with a demonstrated affinity to hypersthene-normativebasalt and petrologic links between the xenoliths and the trachyte,suggests that the shift from shield to post-shield magmatismat Huallai was accompanied by significant deepening of the activemagma reservoir and a gradual transition from tholeiitic toalkalic magmas. Subsequent differentiation of transitional basaltsby fractional crystallization was apparently both extreme—culminatingin >5·5 km³ of trachyte—and rapid, at 2·75x 10⁶ m³ magma crystallized/year. KEY WORDS: geothermobarometry; magma chamber; xenolith; cumulate; intensive parameters  相似文献   

A Comparison Between Modelled and Measured Mixing-Layer Height Over Munich   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Aggeliki Dandou  Maria Tombrou  Klaus Schäfer  Stefan Emeis  Anna P. Protonotariou  Elissavet Bossioli  Nikolaos Soulakellis  Peter Suppan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,131(3):425-440

An attempt is made to correlate the mixing heights, derived from ceilometer and Sodar measurements, to those simulated by different atmospheric boundary-layer parameterization schemes. The comparison is performed at two sites (one suburban and one rural) close to Munich, Germany for two spring and two winter days. It is found that, under convective conditions, the mixing height determined, by both Sodar and ceilometer, corresponds to the middle or the top of the entrainment zone, respectively, as calculated from the eddy-viscosity profiles. Under stable conditions, the measured mixing height is related to the height where eddy viscosities attain their minimum values (Sodar) or to the height of residual mechanical turbulence (ceilometer). During a foehn case with weak turbulence, the measured mixing height from both Sodar and ceilometer is better inferred by considering the eddy-viscosity profiles during daytime and the height of the low-level jet during nighttime.  相似文献