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排序方式: 共有222条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
51.
贺兰山区气候若干问题 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
本文主要利用宁夏区农业厅和区气象局气候资料中心于1985年3月,组织的贺兰山中部剖面考察期间11个气象站点的观测资料,在国内首次对贺兰山的气候特征进行了较为系统的研究。本文主要阐述了贺兰山东麓的冷湖效应,东坡磷矿点典型的山谷风现象,雨季的最大降水高度,以及研究确定了剖面上西坡日照百分率随高度的真实分布。 相似文献
52.
Following the collapse of the New York World Trade Center (WTC) towers on September 11, 2001, Local, State, and Federal agencies initiated numerous air monitoring activities to better understand the ongoing impacts of emissions from the disaster. The collapse of the World Trade Center towers and associated fires that lasted for several weeks resulted at times in a noticeable plume of material that was dispersed around the Metropolitan New York City (NYC) area. In general, the plume was only noticeable for a short period of time following September 11, and only apparent close to the World Trade Center site. A study of the estimated pathway which the plume of WTC material would likely follow was completed to support the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s 2002 initial exposure assessments. In this study, the WTC emissions were simulated using the CALMET-CALPUFF model in order to examine the general spatial and temporal dispersion patterns over NYC. This paper presents the results of the CALPUFF plume model in terms of plume dilution and location, since the exact source strength remains unknown. Independent observations of PM2.5 are used to support the general dispersion features calculated by the model. Results indicate that the simulated plume matched well with an abnormal increase (600–1000% of normal) in PM2.5 two nights after the WTC collapse as the plume rotated north to southeast, towards parts of NYC. Very little if any evidence of the plume signature was noted during a similar flow scenario a week after September 11. This leads to the conclusion that other than areas within a few kilometers from the WTC site, the PM2.5 plume was not observable over NYC’s background concentration after the first few days. 相似文献
53.
Observations from two SOund Detection And Ranging (SODAR) units, a 10 m micrometeorological tower and five Automated Surface Observing Stations (ASOS) were examined during several synoptic scale flow regimes over New York City after the World Trade Center disaster on September 11, 2001. An ARPS model numerical simulation was conducted to explore the complex mesoscale boundary layer structure over New York City. The numerical investigation examined the urban heat island, urban roughness effect and sea breeze structure over the New York City region. Estimated roughness lengths varied from 0.7 m with flow from the water to 4 m with flow through Manhattan. A nighttime mixed layer was observed over lower Manhattan, indicating the existence of an urban heat island. The ARPS model simulated a sea-breeze front moving through lower Manhattan during the study period consistent with the observations from the SODARs and the 10-m tower observations. Wind simulations showed a slowing and cyclonic turning of the 10-m air flow as the air moved over New York City from the ocean. Vertical profiles of simulated TKE and wind speeds showed a maximum in TKE over lower Manhattan during nighttime conditions. It appears that this TKE maximum is directly related to the influences of the urban heat island. 相似文献
54.
Jinmei Shen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(3):481-498
The influence of vegetation and environmental conditions on the lake breeze and associated boundary-layer turbulence structure has been studied using a two-dimensional nonhydrostatic, compressible mesoscale model coupled with the SiB2 land-surface scheme. The results show that the impacts of vegetation on the lake effects are dependent on the environmental conditions, such as soil wetness and background wind, as well as vegetation characteristics. Both soil wetness and background wind play important roles in modifying lake effects on boundary-layer turbulence and the lake breeze, while the effects of vegetation type are secondary compared to the other factors. Without background wind, and under the same soil wetness, the maximum horizontal windspeed of the lake breeze is insensitive to the type of vegetation. Soil wetness can greatly affect both the maximum horizontal windspeed and the maximum vertical velocities of the lake breeze. With background wind, the lake-breeze circulations, upward motion regions, and boundary-layer turbulence structure all change markedly. A weaker background wind can strengthen the lake breeze, while stronger background wind suppresses the lake breeze circulations. The distribution of sensible and latent heat fluxes is also very sensitive to the soil wetness and background wind. However, for the same soil wetness (0.25 and 0.4 were chosen), there is only a small difference in the distribution of sensible and latent heat fluxes between the bare soil and vegetated soil or between the types of vegetated soils. 相似文献
55.
长江三角洲夏季海陆风与热岛环流的相互作用及城市化的影响 总被引:37,自引:12,他引:25
用三维中尺度模式研究长江三角洲夏季海陆风与城市热岛环流的相互作用,白天由于东海海风和太湖湖风环流与上海市热岛环流相互增强,最大垂直速度可达6.2cm/s;夜间则相反,由于海风(包括长江江风)与湖风的对撞,因而在上海到江阴市沿江出现一条水平辐合带,如果上海周围地区随着经济发展,大片农田被城市下垫面所取代,而使绿地覆盖率下降到15%以下,则睡季夜间地面气温可上升3℃,两个增温中心分别在苏州和嘉兴附近, 相似文献
56.
The influence of the main large-scale wind directions on thermally driven mesoscale circulations at the Baltic southwest coast, southeast of Sweden, is examined. The aim of the study is to highlight small-scale alterations in the coastal atmospheric boundary layer. A numerical three-dimensional mesoscale model is used in this study, which is focused on an overall behaviour of the coastal jets, drainage flows, sea breezes, and a low-level eddy-type flow in particular. It is shown that synoptic conditions, together with the moderate terrain of the southeast of Sweden (max. height h0 206 m), governs the coastal mesoscale dynamics triggered by the land-sea temperature difference T. The subtle nature of coastal low-level jets and sea breezes is revealed; their patterns are dictated by the interplay between synoptic airflow, coastline orientation, and T.The simulations show that coastal jets typically occur during nighttime and vary in height, intensity and position with respect to the coast; they interact with downslope flows and the background wind. For the assigned land surface temperature (varying ±8 K from the sea temperature) and the opposing constant geostrophic wind 8 m s-1, the drainage flow is more robust to the opposing ambient flow than the sea breeze later on. Depending on the part of the coast under consideration, and the prevailing ambient wind, the sea breeze can be suppressed or enhanced, stationary at the coast or rapidly penetrating inland, locked up in phase with another dynamic system or almost independently self-evolving. A low-level eddy structure is analyzed. It is governed by tilting, divergence and horizontal advection terms. The horizontal extent of the coastal effects agrees roughly with the Rossby radius of deformation. 相似文献
57.
山区复杂地形上区域大气质量模式的试验研究 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
由于复杂地形上的气流多变,所以,进行区域空气质量模拟是比较困难的。根据大气污染总量控制和环境规划的需要,发展了一种可适用于山谷城市的大气质量模式,该模式的主要特点;(1)采用目前尚少的复杂地形上的三维边界层模式作为大气扩散模式所需城三维边界层要素场;(2)用复杂地形上的三维以模式和斯扩散氏架源(包括面源)和主架源所造在的地面SO2浓度,然后将两者的模拟浓度在相应网各上叠加。验证结果表明,该混合模式 相似文献
58.
59.
60.
Sea-breeze-initiated rainfall over the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthew Simpson Hari Warrior Sethu Raman P. A. Aswathanarayana U. C. Mohanty R. Suresh 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(2):401-413
Sea-breeze-initiated convection and precipitation have been investigated along the east coast of India during the Indian southwest
monsoon season. Sea-breeze circulation was observed on approximately 70–80% of days during the summer months (June–August)
along the Chennai coast. Average sea-breeze wind speeds are greater at rural locations than in the urban region of Chennai.
Sea-breeze circulation was shown to be the dominant mechanism initiating rainfall during the Indian southwest monsoon season.
Approximately 80% of the total rainfall observed during the southwest monsoon over Chennai is directly related to convection
initiated by sea-breeze circulation. 相似文献