Correlations between seabirds and ocenic fronts around the Pribilof Islands,Alaska     

Thomas H. Kinder  George L. Hunt  David Schneider  James D. Schumacher 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,16(3):309-319

Located on the extensive continental shelf of the Bering Sea, the Pribilof Islands, Alaska are the site of one of the largest breeding colonies of seabirds in the northern hemisphere. During summer these islands are surrounded by a front that separates vertically homogeneous waters from well stratified waters farther seaward. We studied the front with hydrographic data and the bird distributions with concurrent counts during summer 1977 and spring, summer and fall 1978. Murres (Uria lomvia and U. aalge) sitting on the water aggregated near the front during summer 1977 and probably during summer 1978. Other species, such as northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and auklets (Aethia pusilla and A. cristatella) were unaffected by the front. We hypothesize that the aggregation of the murres was related to an enhanced availability of their food near the front.  相似文献   

Mesoscale features and phytoplankton biomass at the GoodHope line in the Southern Ocean during austral summer     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(4):511-524

Two sets of high-resolution subsurface hydrographic and underway surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) measurements are used, in conjunction with satellite remotely sensed data, to investigate the upper layer oceanography (mesoscale features and mixed layer depth variability) and phytoplankton biomass at the GoodHope line south of Africa, during the 2010–2011 austral summer. The link between physical parameters of the upper ocean, specifically frontal activity, to the spatially varying in situ and satellite measurements of Chl a concentrations is investigated. The observations provide evidence to show that the fronts act to both enhance phytoplankton biomass as well as to delimit regions of similar chlorophyll concentrations, although the front–chlorophyll relationships become obscure towards the end of the growing season due to bloom advection and ‘patchy’ Chl a behaviour. Satellite ocean colour measurements are compared to in situ chlorophyll measurements to assess the disparity between the two sampling techniques. The scientific value of the time-series of oceanographic observations collected at the GoodHope line between 2004 to present is being realised. Continued efforts in this programme are essential to better understand both the physical and biogeochemical dynamics of the upper ocean in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.  相似文献   

A hybrid neural network model for typhoon-rainfall forecasting   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Gwo-Fong Lin  Ming-Chang Wu 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):450-458

A hybrid neural network model is proposed in this paper to forecast the typhoon rainfall. Two different types of artificial neural networks, the self-organizing map (SOM) and the multilayer perceptron network (MLPN), are combined to develop the proposed model. In the proposed model, a data analysis technique is developed based on the SOM, which can perform cluster analysis and discrimination analysis in one step. The MLPN is used as the nonlinear regression technique to construct the relationship between the input and output data. First, the input data are analyzed using a SOM-based data analysis technique. Through the SOM-based data analysis technique, input data with different properties are first divided into distinct clusters, which can help the multivariate nonlinear regression of each cluster. Additionally, the topological relationships among data are discovered from which more insight into the typhoon-rainfall process can be revealed. Then, for each cluster, the individual relationship between the input and output data is constructed by a specific MLPN. For evaluating the forecasting performance of the proposed model, an application is conducted. The proposed model is applied to the Tanshui River Basin to forecast the typhoon rainfall. The results show that the proposed model can forecast more precisely than the model developed by the conventional neural network approach.  相似文献   

Simulation Study on the Impact of Taihang Mountain Slopes on Downhill Front Cyclone Rainstorm   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jianhong Wang  Meng Zhang  Shuyuan Ren  Xing Wang  Chunsheng Miao 《地球科学进展》2019,34(7):717-730

The statistical and diagnostic analysis of precipitation in Hebei Province in the past six years shows that the mid-south of the North China Plain on the east side of the Taihang Mountains is an area of frequent rainstorm disasters in summer. The rain belt is mostly distributed along the Taihang Mountains, and the rainfall is often over 700mm. Focus was on the summer downhill frontal Yellow River cyclone, which accounted for 20% of the 73 storm days in the statistical samples. The analysis of the typical frontal cyclone heavy rain in 2016 shows that the meridional distribution of the Taihang Mountains cooperates with the climbing mountain jet in the north of the cyclone and the southward flow in the west of the cyclone, leading to the formation of a deep narrow cold temperature trough along the mountain orientation. It enhances the temperature gradient in the frontal cyclone, enhances the baroclinicity of the cyclone and the intensity of the rotating wind, resulting in augmentation of the cyclone and slowing of the eastward movement. Through the cooperation of the entanglement of the cyclone jet and the mountain block, a deep and abundant water vapor environment is formed, and the moving westward of water vapor flux and the low-level water vapor main body are hindered; The high-energy tongue convection instability on the eastern side of the mountain range is formed, a strong uplift with abundant water vapor masses is triggered, and three critical areas of vertical motion occurred, which restricts the rainstorm locations. Numerical experiments on the mechanism of the influence of the slope of the Taihang Mountains on heavy rain show that the downhill rainstorm area is parallel to the mountain range, and the meridional mountain range can cause a greater range of heavy precipitation. It is also easy to cause double frontal precipitation locally by a same cyclonic warm front and cold front, resulting in a long duration of heavy rain. The slope of the mountain is proportional to the intensity of the mountain block and forms the wet convection instability with the dry at lower and wet at upper overlapping on a thermal instability of the front zone with cold at lower and warm at upper, such as the total instability is stronger. The slope of the mountain is proportional to the increase and maintenance time of the cyclone decompression during downhill. It is inversely proportional to the decline to the North China Plain, which affects the path and speed of the cyclone eastward movement.  相似文献   

山东半岛近海不同粉砂粒级含量分布的空间差异性及其沉积学意义     

李军  胡邦琦  李国刚  王利波  白凤龙  赵京涛  邹亮  窦衍光 《海洋学报》2017,39(1):64-75

粉砂是现代陆架和河口沉积物最主要的粒级组分,但由于其复杂的沉积动力学行为,我们对于不同粉砂粒级的沉积学特征和行为并没有完全掌握。本文分析了山东半岛近海表层沉积物中不同粉砂粒级组分含量的空间分布特征,探讨了其控制因素。结果表明,山东半岛周边近海沉积物类型以泥质沉积为主,但不同粉砂粒级组分具有明显的空间分布差异性。极细粉砂、细粉砂与黏土组分的含量变化一致,表明了其相似的沉积动力学行为。粗粉砂组分的含量空间变化最大,在山东半岛的北部泥质条带、东部“泥楔”和南部近岸具有明显的高含量,其含量与其他各粉砂组分具有明显的负相关性。从表层沉积物的粒度组分与分布规律,可以证明研究区表层沉积物主要以黄河携带物质为主,但流入本区的一些中小型河流也明显提供了部分物源,只是其提供物质的扩散范围有限。结合水动力分析和物理海洋学等方面的认识,我们认为造成不同粉砂组分空间分布差异性的原因主要受物源、区域水动力学条件、局部地形（底形）等因素控制。另外,还发现了山东半岛“泥楔”沉积物的粗粉砂组分含量偏高、现代沉积速率也偏大,这些现象在空间上与“海洋锋面”位置一致,对于海洋锋面的沉积学意义还需要进一步的调查研究和数值模拟工作。  相似文献   

Variability of the subtropical shelf front off eastern South America: Winter 2003 and summer 2004     

Alberto R. Piola  Osmar O. Möller Jr.  Raúl A. Guerrero  Edmo J.D. Campos 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

Hydrographic data collected during surveys carried out in austral winter 2003 and summer 2004 are used to analyze the distributions of temperature (T) and salinity (S) over the continental shelf and slope of eastern South America between 27°S and 39°S. The water mass structure and the characteristics of the transition between subantarctic and subtropical shelf water (STSW), referred to as the subtropical shelf front (STSF), as revealed by the vertical structure of temperature and salinity are discussed. During both surveys, the front intensifies downward and extends southwestward from the near coastal zone at 33°S to the shelf break at 36°S. In austral winter subantarctic shelf water (SASW), derived from the northern Patagonia shelf, forms a vertically coherent cold wedge of low salinity waters that locally separate the outer shelf STSW from the fresher inner shelf Plata Plume Water (PPW) derived from the Río de la Plata. Winter T–S diagrams and cross-shelf T and S distributions indicate that mixtures of PPW and tropical water only occur beyond the northernmost extent of pure SASW, and form STSW and an inverted thermocline characteristic of this region. In summer 2004, dilution of Tropical water (TW) occurs at two distinct levels: a warm near surface layer, associated to PPW–TW mixtures, similar to but significantly warmer than winter STSW, and a colder (T∼16 °C) salinity minimum layer at 40–50 m depth, created by SASW–STSW mixtures across the STSF. In winter, the salinity distribution controls the density structure creating a cross-shore density gradient, which prevents isopycnal mixing across the STSF. Temperature stratification in summer induces a sharp pycnocline providing cross-shelf isopycnal connections across the STSF. Cooling and freshening of the upper layer observed at stations collected along the western edge of the Brazil Current suggest offshore export of shelf waters. Low T and S filaments, evident along the shelf break in the winter data, suggest that submesoscale eddies may enhance the property exchange across the shelf break. These observations suggest that as the subsurface shelf waters converge at the STSF, they flow southward along the front and are expelled offshore, primarily along the front axis.  相似文献   

A weighted surface-depth gradient method for the numerical integration of the 2D shallow water equations with topography   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F. Aureli  A. Maranzoni  P. Mignosa  C. Ziveri 《Advances in water resources》2008

A finite volume MUSCL scheme for the numerical integration of 2D shallow water equations is presented. In the framework of the SLIC scheme, the proposed weighted surface-depth gradient method (WSDGM) computes intercell water depths through a weighted average of DGM and SGM reconstructions, in which the weight function depends on the local Froude number. This combination makes the scheme capable of performing a robust tracking of wet/dry fronts and, together with an unsplit centered discretization of the bed slope source term, of maintaining the static condition on non-flat topographies (C-property). A correction of the numerical fluxes in the computational cells with water depth smaller than a fixed tolerance enables a drastic reduction of the mass error in the presence of wetting and drying fronts. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme are assessed by comparing numerical results with analytical and reference solutions of a set of test cases. Moreover, to show the capability of the numerical model on field-scale applications, the results of a dam-break scenario are presented.  相似文献   

Evening and Morning Transition of Katabatic Flows   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

K. H. Papadopoulos  C. G. Helmis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(2):195-227

An experimental investigation of the evening and morning transition phases of katabatic slope flows has been conducted to identify the mechanisms for their development and destruction over an isolated slope. The momentum and energy equations of the flow have been used to describe these mechanisms for the particular topographic features of the studied slope, and to outline the differences from the dynamics of well-developed simple slope flows. In the lowest portion of the slope, frontal characteristics have been identified in early evening periods when the local pre-existing near-surface thermal structure does not impose a katabatic acceleration. The frontal shape is determined by the near-surface thermal stability and ambient wind. The flow initiation is distinctly different when it is linked to the local surface cooling, in which case it develops gradually and produces a slight local warming.The erosion of the katabatic layer at mid-slope precedes that at the foot and is closely linked to dilution of the local surface inversion. The flow erosion at the foot is often delayed, as the warming of air proceeds uniformly at all heights near the ground, so maintaining the inversion due to warming produced by mixing and advective processes linked to the upslope flow development. The latter initiates first at mid-slope and then at the foot, where for a non-negligible time period it flows over the persistent katabatic flow. The prerequisite for the development of this structure is the maintenance of a shallow inversion in the first 2–3 m above the ground surface.The morning dilution of the katabatic flow is apparently different from common experience over simple slopes and may be attributed to the steep upper portion of the slope in association with its easterly orientation, which results in strong non-uniformity of the solar heating along the slope.  相似文献   

登陆台风的多层递阶预报   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

冯利华 《海洋预报》1999,16(1):29-34

多层递阶预报是动态系统的新型统计预报理论。由于它把动态系统看成是一个时变参数系统,因而与客观实际较为符合,预报误差也相对较小,利用它来进行台风预报具有一定的实用价值。  相似文献   

利用热运动学方法恢复构造隆升过程的探索          下载免费PDF全文

吴航  邱楠生  冯乾乾  常健  姜凯  张应鳞  吴世祥 《地球物理学报》2020,63(6):2329-2344

构造隆升过程研究对矿产资源勘查及评价具有重要意义,是地质学家长期探索的关键科学问题之一.现有构造隆升过程的研究方法均具有一定的适用性和局限性,正反演方法之间难以建立定量关系.本文利用热运动学方法,通过离散元数值模拟,提取变形过程中离散单元的运动路径作为热年代学样品热史恢复的地质约束,实现了构造变形模拟和热年代学分析的定量耦合,在构造隆升研究中展现出巨大潜力.本文以川东地区多层滑脱褶皱作用作为研究对象,重点恢复了方斗山—齐岳山背斜在距今170～70 Ma内的隆升变形过程.热运动学分析表明:先存的齐岳山断裂串联了深部拆离面和浅部滑脱层,湘鄂西褶皱带在170～110 Ma开始形成;140～110 Ma间齐岳山断层由断展褶皱作用向断弯褶皱作用转化,齐岳山背斜开始发育,略早于东部的利川复向斜;约110～90 Ma,方斗山背斜发育,隔挡式褶皱带开始形成;约90～70Ma,隔挡式褶皱规模逐渐增大,利川复向斜逐渐紧闭.正演模型建立、地温梯度计算、三维建模技术和应力演化分析是制约热运动学方法发展和完善的关键性因素.  相似文献