脉冲电晕与地闪负先导梯级性机制模式探讨   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

苟学强  张义军 《高原气象》2002,21(4):408-413

根据新的观测事实，提出了地闪负先导明亮脉冲可能不是被－慢而弱的流光（引路流光）所此导，而是被一快而短暂的电晕（脉冲电晕）所引导的梯级性流光机制的不同观点。由此出发，对流光间歇时间、梯级长度等重要特征参数进行了新的分析；结合对梯级先导辐射特征脉冲产生机制的进一步分析，提出并论证了明亮脉冲的双向传输，通过一个简单的数值模式对梯级过程进行了计算模式，得到了一些与观测特征基本符合的结果。  相似文献   

Observations of NO2 and O3 during thunderstorm activity using visible spectroscopy     

D.B. Jadhav  A.L. Londhe  S. Bose 《大气科学进展》1996,13(3):359-374

Simultaneous observations for the total column densities of NO2, O3 and H2O were carried on using the porta-ble Spectrometer (438-450 nm and 400-450 nm) and the visible Spectrometer (544.4-628 nm) during premonsoon thunderstorms and embedded hail storm activity at Pune (18o32’N & 73o51’E), India. These observations confirm the fact that there is an increase in O3 and NO2 column densities during thunderstorms. The increase in O3 was observed following onset of thunderstorm, while the increase in NO2 was observed only after the thunder flashes occur. This implies that the production mechanisms for O3 and NO2 in thunderstorm are different. The observed column density of NO2 value (1 to 3 × 1017molecules · cm-2) during thunderstorm activity is 10 to 30 times higher than the value (1 × 1016molecules · cm-2) of a normal day total column density. The spectrometric observations and observations of thunder flashes by electric field meter showed that 6.4 × 1025molecules / flash of NO2 are produced. The increased to-tal column density of ozone during thunderstorm period is 1.2 times higher than normal (clear) day ozone concentra-tion. The multiple scattering in the clouds is estimated from H2O and O2 absorption bands in the visible spectral re-gion. Considering this effect the calculated amount of ozone added in the global atmosphere due to thunderstorm ac-tivity is 0.26 to 0.52 DU, and the annual production of ozone due to thunderstorm activity is of the order of 4.02 × 1037 molecules /year. The annual NO2 production may be of the order of 2.02 × 1035molecules / year.  相似文献   

2013—2016年新疆地闪活动特征分析     

王延慧  张建涛  艾力.买买提明  黄晓露  钱勇 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(2):43-49

基于新疆2013—2016年地闪定位监测资料,对新疆的地闪活动特征进行分析。结果表明：新疆地闪以负地闪为主,占地闪总数的84.7%。年均正地闪所占比例为15.3%,高于内蒙古高原的9.6%。地闪密度总体值小于0.714次/km2?a,呈现出北疆大于南疆,西部地区大于东部地区,山区大于沙漠戈壁的形式;地闪月和日分布均成单峰型,月分布高发期在6—8月,日变化主要集中在14—20时;地闪强度百分率呈现单峰型分布,且负地闪的分布曲线与总地闪基本一致。正地闪出现频率在强度达到30—40kA时出现峰值,为正地闪次数的16.5%;地闪雷电流强度全年变化幅度较小,均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势。正地闪的平均雷电流强度达59.7kA,为负地闪的1.8倍;上午的平均雷电流强度皆大于下午。  相似文献   

Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure in the upper crust beneath Kuju Volcano, central Kyushu, Japan     

Yasuaki Sudo  Yoshihiro Matsumoto 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,60(3):147-159

 Kuju Volcano lies near Aso Caldera at the center of Kyushu Island, western Japan. After a few hundred years of dormancy, a phreatic explosion accompanied by a small ash eruption occurred on 11 October 1995. This study was undertaken to determine the subsurface seismic velocity structure associated with the active magmatic regime in the Kuju volcanic region. The three-dimensional, upper crustal, P-wave velocity structure beneath Kuju Volcano was determined using methods for the simultaneous inversion of P-wave arrival times from local earthquakes in and around the Kuju volcanic region for velocities and hypocentral parameters. Results reveal two shallower low-velocity anomalies located in the northern and southern parts of Kuju Volcano, consistent with the presence of significant negative Bouguer gravity anomalies. In addition, a high-velocity anomaly is located approximately 5 km northwest of Mt. Kuju, one of the domes in Kuju Volcano. Beneath this high-velocity anomaly, a low-velocity anomaly is present. This velocity structure suggests a magmatic regime that has a lid consisting of cooled solid material overlying a chamber of partially molten material. Received: 23 September 1997 / Accepted: 20 June 1998  相似文献   

Governing-by-aspiration? Assessing the nature and implications of including negative emission technologies (NETs) in country long-term climate strategies     

《Global Environmental Change》2023

In order to address the pressing challenge of climate change, countries are now submitting long-term climate strategies to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process. These strategies include within them potential future use of ‘negative emissions technologies’ (NETs). NETs are interventions that remove carbon from the atmosphere, ranging from large-scale terrestrial carbon sequestration in forests, wetlands and soils, to use of carbon capture and storage technologies. We assess here how NETs are discussed in 29 long-term climate strategies, in order to ascertain the risk that including the promise of future NETs may delay the taking of short-term mitigation actions. Our analysis shows that almost all countries plan to rely on NETs, particularly enhanced use of natural carbon sinks, even as a wide array of challenges and trade-offs in doing so are highlighted. Many strategies call for improved accounting systems and market incentives in realizing future NETs. While no strategy explicitly suggests that NETs can be a substitute for short-term mitigation, most estimate substantial potential for future use of NETs even in the face of acknowledged uncertainties. This, we suggest, may have the consequence of resulting in what we describe here as ‘a spiral of delay’ characterized by the promise of future NET options juxtaposed with the simultaneous uncertainty around these future options. Our analysis highlights that this inter-connected delaying dynamic may be intrinsic to what we term ‘governing-by-aspiration’ within global climate politics, wherein the voicing of lofty future ambition risks replacing current action and accountability.  相似文献   

朝鲜平南盆地埃迪卡拉系-下寒武统地层碳同位素特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

金明哲  杨正赫  彭澎  翟明国  朴贤旭  冯连君  李忠日  朱成赫 《岩石学报》2016,32(10):3180-3186

中朝古陆(华北古陆)平南盆地位于朝鲜半岛中部,广泛发育新元古界-古生界地层。根据化石记录,一般认为燕滩群(自下而上包括飞狼洞组和棱里组)主体属于埃迪卡拉系,黄州(超)群坪山组和中和组主体属于下寒武统。然而,该套地层记录的新元古界-古生界界线处在什么位置,燕滩群是否记录冰期事件(如,Gaskiers冰期),尚有争议。本文对这些地层开展了碳、氧同位素分析。结果表明,飞浪洞组δ13C值从底部+2‰开始,在+2‰和+6‰之间变化,最上部为+2‰;棱里组从下到上从0降至-7‰;坪山组在-3.1‰~0‰之间变化;中和组基本上在-1.2‰~+1.9‰范围变化。这些数据表明,原先认为有冰碛岩的飞浪洞组可能没有记录Gaskiers冰期;棱里组δ13C值与Gaskiers或Marinoan等冰期不可对比,而可能对应于埃迪卡拉系最末期的负漂移。通过将平南盆地燕滩群-黄州群地层碳同位素值变化趋势与国际地层对比,明确地层时代属于埃迪卡拉系末期-下寒武统;由于不存在明确的的不整合,燕滩群-黄州群地层可以作为这一时期连续剖面。我们认为黄州群坪山组底部含磷、含金属硫化物黑色板岩可以作为界线标志层。  相似文献   

水平地层上的负激发极化效应及其物理解释     

傅良魁  姚文斌 《地球物理学报》1989,32(2):203-214

本文首先阐明负激电效应是客观存在的;然后用等效电阻率法导出地面上点源供电时的二次极化电位、电场强度、电流密度的表达式,并依此用线性滤波法对各种给定参数进行计算,依此对二次极化场的分布规律进行物理分析,对激电负效应给出直观的物理解释;最后,根据土槽模拟实验资料,证实了负激电效应的客观存在,反演数据也与实际情况相吻合。本文还得到二极装置和错层条件下的负激发极化效应。  相似文献   

Rethinking Net-Zero systems,spaces, and societies: “Hard” versus “soft” alternatives for nature-based and engineered carbon removal     

《Global Environmental Change》2022

Carbon removal – also known as negative emissions technologies, or greenhouse gas removal – represents a core pillar of post-Paris climate policy, signaling for enhancing and constructing carbon sinks to balance emissions sources on route to ambitious temperature targets. We build on Amory Lovins’ “hard” and “soft” alternatives for energy pathways to illuminate how foundational experts, technologists, and policy entrepreneurs think about different modes of resource inputs, infrastructure and livelihoods, and decision-making, regarding ten nature-based and engineered carbon removal approaches. Based on 90 original interviews, we show that hard and soft paths reflect different conceptions of systems, spaces, and societal involvement. We highlight that pathways depend on diverging concepts of economies-of-scale (capturing carbon at the largest possible scale, versus catalyzing systemic co-benefits) and carbon management (a waste product within conventional climate governance, versus diverse end-uses and values to be diversely governed). Our analysis further emphasizes two key uncertainties: whether renewables can be upscaled to allow synergies rather than tradeoffs between carbon removal and more widespread energy demands, and whether carbon certification can expand spatially to navigate long supply chains, and conceptually to incentivize diverse co-benefits. Experts remain motivated by antecedent concerns over land-use management and extractive industries, and that exploitative systems will – without guardrails – be replicated by inertia.  相似文献   

Mapping public appraisals of carbon dioxide removal     

《Global Environmental Change》2022

Efforts to deliver on net zero emissions targets are set to rely on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods. Democratic, trustworthy and socially intelligent research, development, demonstration and deployment of CDR methods in aid of net zero will be highly dependent on how different publics evaluate them, and ultimately which groups support or oppose them. This paper develops a novel, nationally representative method for the multi-criteria appraisal of five policy relevant CDR methods – plus an option not to pursue CDR at all – by members of the British public (n = 2,111). The results show that the public supports the inclusion of CDR in UK climate policy. CDR methods often characterised as ‘natural’ or ‘nature-based’ are appraised more highly than ‘technological’ ones, in the descending order: habitat restoration, afforestation, wood in construction, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and direct air carbon capture and storage. Yet, there is no significant disagreement in the appraisal of technological methods and they therefore may be less polarizing, suggesting that popular preconceptions of what is natural – and therefore more attractive – may be holding them back. CDR methods being mainly developed by public sector and non-governmental organisations are also appraised more highly than those being developed by private interests. Regional differences in option appraisal reveal where particular CDR methods are more or less likely to be supported or opposed; stressing the importance of matching physical requirements for CDR with appropriate social contexts. Demographic and socio-economic analyses show that people who appraise CDR methods most highly tend to be older respondents, male, or of a higher social grade. Finally, those with hierarchical worldviews and who voted ‘leave’ in the UK’s referendum on EU membership are less supportive of CDR than those with egalitarian worldviews and who voted ‘remain’.  相似文献   

新疆负磁异常特征及其地质意义初探     

庄道泽 《地质论评》2016,62(S1):189-190

新疆处于地球北部,纬度大致为北纬34o30′-49o00′,属于典型的中-中高纬度地区,现代地磁场磁倾角一般在53o~61o、磁偏角1.00o~2.26o,其地球磁场属于斜磁化场。在航空磁测、地面磁测所观测的ΔZ、ΔT磁异常一般以正磁异常为主,在北部或南部叠加伴生强度较低的负磁异常。但也存在少量以负磁异常为主、在北部或南部叠加共生的强度较低的正磁异常,经化极处理负磁异常更加明显,对负磁异常缺乏深入的研究。  相似文献