人造热带气旋垂直结构问题初探   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

龚龑  陆维松 《气象科学》2005,25(5):459-464

在人造热带气旋中引入了倾斜垂直结构，并将其用于西折后9806号热带气旋登陆路径的数值模拟。结果表明：应用该方案所得到的模拟结果优于应用正压结构的人造热带气旋方案的模拟结果要准确。因此，此类热带气旋的预报中，其初始涡旋可采用倾斜垂直结构，从而提出改进热带气旋初始涡旋的一种新思路。若对其作进一步研究、推广，则具有广阔的业务应用前景。  相似文献   

近地层O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦影响的数值模拟：Ⅱ模拟结果和分析   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

郑昌玲  王春乙 《气象学报》2005,63(2):192-203

针对CO2和O3浓度变化对冬小麦影响,改进了农田生态系统碳氮生物化学模型(DNDC),并利用模型模拟了O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响,检验了模型的模拟效果.通过对原DNDC模型适用性的调整,使之适用于固城站,为进一步改进作物模型打下了可靠的基础.通过试验资料验证表明,模型较好地反映了O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响.通过敏感性分析得出,模型对温度变化反映灵敏;在CO2浓度倍增情况下,O3浓度变化对冬小麦的复合影响分析看出,一定浓度范围内,CO2可缓解O3对作物影响的负效应,O3对CO2带来的正效应有削弱作用.  相似文献   

东亚南亚夏季降水对海温异常响应的数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

徐洪蕾  张铭 《气象科学》2005,25(4):331-337

利用IAP AGCM-Ⅱ大气环流模式，模拟了赤道中太平洋地区海温异常对东亚和南亚夏季（6～8月）降水的影响。结果表明：当1～4月该海温呈正异常时，中南半岛和我国东部降水将明显偏多，孟加拉湾附近降水偏少；而该海温呈负异常时，则我国华中和孟加拉湾附近降水偏多；对以上海温异常最敏感处为中南半岛和孟加拉湾附近地区，其中前者降水与该海温异常呈正相关，后者则呈负相关；该海温异常还会在中高纬地区激发出强迫波列。  相似文献   

登陆台风Winnie(1997)的数值模拟研究Ⅱ:结构演变特征分析   总被引：26，自引：14，他引：26  

朱佩君  陈敏  陶祖钰  王洪庆 《气象学报》2002,60(5):560-567

利用“登陆台风Winnie(1997)的数值模拟研究Ⅰ”的数值模拟结果 ,讨论了Winnie(1997)台风在登陆后变性阶段和重新加强阶段的环流、动力和热力结构特征以及演变过程。在结构上 ,变性阶段主要完成了从基本对称的垂直分布到斜压非对称分布的转换。在变性阶段的初期 ,热力和动力以及环流结构上都还留有一些热带气旋的影子 ,但是在强度和空间分布上已经发生了明显的变化 ,同时也反映了台风登陆后由于下垫面的变化 ,使来自海面的暖湿水汽输送呈明显的不对称分布 ,导致热力结构上的不对称分布。到变性阶段的后期 ,无论从环流结构还是动力结构上 ,都形成了和冷暖锋相对应的倾斜分布特征 ,并且和冷空气对应的锋区在低层侵入到气旋中心 ,使热带气旋经过变性阶段最终演变为锋面气旋。在重新发展阶段 ,通过与西风带低槽的结合 ,变性后的气旋获得了重新发展的机会。并且在此过程中得到了一次来自附近洋面的高暖湿能量的输送 ,也为发展提供了有利的条件 ,使变性后的气旋进一步加强为成熟的温带气旋。  相似文献   

西北区东部一次暴雨的数值模拟试验   总被引：19，自引：23，他引：19  

王劲松  李耀辉  康凤琴  张华 《高原气象》2002,21(3):258-266

运用双向嵌套的中尺度数值预报模式MM5，对1998年7月上旬西北区东部一次暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明，该模式能较好地模拟这次暴雨过程，对这次暴雨过程相关的中尺度系统的发生发展也作出了较成功的模拟；大尺度及积云对流尺度的凝结潜热在降水过程中是一个主要因子，潜热释放将加热中高层大气，促使高层大气辐散，低层辐合，垂直运动加强，导致较大的降水；初始时刻不同地区低层大气水汽含量的多寡直接对本次暴雨产生影响，并为这次暴雨提供了水汽源；地面水汽和感热的垂直输送为暴雨的发生发展补充了能量。  相似文献   

Groundwater-flow modeling in the Yucatan karstic aquifer, Mexico   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Roger González-Herrera  Ismael Sánchez-y-Pinto  José Gamboa-Vargas 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(5):539-552

The current conceptual model of the unconfined karstic aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, is that a fresh-water lens floats above denser saline water that penetrates more than 40 km inland. The transmissivity of the aquifer is very high so the hydraulic gradient is very low, ranging from 7–10 mm/km through most of the northern part of the peninsula. The computer modeling program AQUIFER was used to investigate the regional groundwater flow in the aquifer. The karstified zone was modeled using the assumption that it acts hydraulically similar to a granular, porous medium. As part of the calibration, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) karstic features play an important role in the groundwater-flow system; (2) a ring or belt of sinkholes in the area is a manifestation of a zone of high transmissivity that facilitates the channeling of groundwater toward the Gulf of Mexico; and (3) the geologic features in the southern part of Yucatan influence the groundwater-flow system. The model shows that the Sierrita de Ticul fault, in the southwestern part of the study area, acts as a flow barrier and head values decline toward the northeast. The modeling also shows that the regional flow-system dynamics have not been altered despite the large number of pumping wells because the volume of water pumped is small compared with the volume of recharge, and the well-developed karst system of the region has a very high hydraulic conductivity. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

Topography as a major factor in the development of arcuate thrust belts: insights from sandbox experiments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

F. O. Marques  P. R. Cobbold 《Tectonophysics》2002,348(4)

We have used sandbox experiments to investigate and to illustrate the effects of topography upon the development of arcuate thrust belts. In experiments where a sand pack shortened and thickened in front of an advancing rectilinear piston, the geometry of the developing thrust wedge was highly sensitive to variations in surface topography. In the absence of erosion and sedimentation, the surface slope tended to become uniform, as predicted by the theory of critical taper. Under these conditions, the wedge propagated by sequential accretion of new thrust slices. In contrast, where erosion or sedimentation caused the topographic profile to become irregular, thrusts developed out of sequence. For example, erosion throughout a hinterland caused underlying thrusts to remain active and inhibited the development of new thrusts in the foreland. Where initial topography was irregular in plan view, accreting thrusts tended to be arcuate. They were convex towards the foreland, around an initially high area; concave towards the foreland, around an initially low area. Initial plateaux tended to behave rigidly, while arcuate thrust slices accreted to them. Thrust motions were radial with respect to each plateau. Within transfer zones to each side, fault blocks rotated about vertical axes and thrust motions were oblique-slip. At late stages of deformation, the surface slope of the thrust wedge tended towards a uniform value. Initial mountains of conical shape (representing volcanoes) also escaped deformation, except at depth, where they detached. Arcuate thrust slices accreted to front and back. Where a developing thrust wedge was subject to local incision, accreting thrust slices dipped towards surrounding areas of high topography, forming Vs across valleys.Arcuate structural patterns are to be found around the three highest plateaux on Earth (Tibet, Pamirs and Altiplano) and around the Tromen volcanic ridge in the Neuquén Basin of northern Patagonia. We infer that these areas behaved in quasi-rigid fashion, protected as they were by their high topography.  相似文献   

Strike-slip fault bridge fluid pumping mechanism: insights from field-based palaeostress analysis and numerical modelling     

Michal Nem ok  Andreas Henk  Rodney A. Gayer  Sara Vandycke  Tanya M. Hathaway 《Journal of Structural Geology》2002,24(12)

We present a finite-element study of stress perturbation in evolving compressive and extensional strike-slip fault bridges. The results are compared with a fracture study of a compressive bridge at St Donats, UK. Horizontally interbedded calcareous mudstone and bioclastic calcilutite at St Donats have a distinct vertical permeability anisotropy. This sedimentary sequence behaves as a set of horizontal aquifers. The fluid flow in these aquifers is sensitive to mean stress gradients. Paleostress analysis of field fracture data, verified by finite-element modelling, indicates a rotation of σ₁ towards parallelism with boundary faults inside the growing compressive bridge. Boundary faults and bridge faults recorded numerous fluid flow events. The modelled mean stress pattern shows a regional maximum within the bridge and local maxima/minima pairs at boundary fault tips.Finite-element modelling of an extensional bridge indicates that σ₃ rotates towards parallelism with boundary faults. The mean stress pattern is similar to the pattern in compressive bridge but with maxima and minima locations interchanged. The stress patterns are reestablished by each stress build-up preceding the rupturation of the boundary faults throughout the development stages of strike-slip fault bridges. Mean stress gradients developed pre-failure control the fluid flow in fractures of the strike-slip fault system at and after the end of each stress build-up and the fluid flow in boundary faults post-failure. Fracture reactivation and new fracture generation within an evolving bridge is a process consisting of multiple successive events that retain the storage capacity of the bridge. Rupture and sealing of the main bounding-faults is a step-wise process that opens and closes fluid conduits between areas with different pressures.  相似文献   

Fluid-bearing alkaline carbonate melts as the medium for the formation of diamonds in the Earth''s mantle: an experimental study     

N. Pal''yanov  A. G. Sokol  M. Borzdov  A. F. Khokhryakov 《Lithos》2002,60(3-4):145-159

We have experimentally studied the formation of diamonds in alkaline carbonate–carbon and carbonate–fluid–carbon systems at 5.7–7.0 GPa and 1150–1700 °C, using a split-sphere multi-anvil apparatus (BARS). The starting carbonate and fluid-generating materials were placed into Pt and Au ampoules. The main specific feature of the studied systems is a long period of induction, which precedes the nucleation and growth of diamonds. The period of induction considerably increases with decreasing P and T, but decreases when adding a C–O–H fluid to the system. In the range of P and T corresponding to the formation of diamonds in nature, this period lasts for tens of hours. The reactivity of the studied systems with respect to the diamond nucleation and growth decreases in this sequence: Na₂CO₃–H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O–C>K₂CO₃–H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O–C>>Na₂CO₃–C>K₂CO₃–C. The diamond morphology is independent of P and T, and is mainly governed by the composition of the crystallization medium. The stable growth form is a cubo-octahedron in the Na₂CO₃ melt, and an octahedron in the K₂CO₃ melt. Regardless of the composition of the carbonate melt, only octahedral diamond crystals formed in the presence of the C–O–H fluid. The growth rates of diamond varied in the range from 1.7 μm/h at 1420 °C to 0.1–0.01 μm/h at 1150 °C, and were used to estimate, for the first time, the possible duration of the crystallization of natural diamonds. From the analysis of the experimental results and the petrological evidence for the formation of diamonds in nature, we suggest that fluid-bearing alkaline carbonate melts are, most likely, the medium for the nucleation and growth of diamonds in the Earth's upper mantle.  相似文献   

Analysis and simulation of magma mixing processes in 3D   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D. Perugini  G. Poli  G. D. Gatta 《Lithos》2002,65(3-4):313-330

Magma mixing structures from the lava flow of Lesbos (Greece) are analyzed in three dimensions using a technique that, starting from the serial sections of rock cubes, allows the reconstruction of the spatial distribution of magmas inside rocks. Two main kinds of coexisting structures are observed: (i) “active regions” (AR) in which magmas mix intimately generating wide contact surfaces and (ii) “coherent regions” (CR) of more mafic magma that have a globular shape and do not show large deformations. The intensity of mingling is quantified by calculating both the interfacial area (IA) between interacting magmas and the fractal dimension of the reconstructed structures. Results show that the fractal dimension is linearly correlated with the logarithm of interfacial area allowing discrimination among different intensities of mingling.

The process of mingling of magmas is simulated using a three-dimensional chaotic dynamical system consisting of stretching and folding processes. The intensity of mingling is measured by calculating the interfacial area between interacting magmas and the fractal dimension, as for natural magma mixing structures. Results suggest that, as in the natural case, the fractal dimension is linearly correlated with the logarithm of the interfacial area allowing to conclude that magma mixing can be regarded as a chaotic process.

Since chemical exchange and physical dispersion of one magma inside another by stretching and folding are closely related, we performed coupled numerical simulations of chaotic advection and chemical diffusion in three dimensions. Our analysis reveals the occurrence in the same system of “active mixing regions” and “coherent regions” analogous to those observed in nature. We will show that the dynamic processes are able to generate magmas with wide spatial heterogeneity related to the occurrence of magmatic enclaves inside host rocks in both plutonic and volcanic environments.  相似文献