Shipping noise in a dynamic sea: a case study of grey seals in the Celtic Sea     

F. Chen  G.I. Shapiro  K.A. Bennett  S.N. Ingram  D. Thompson  C. Vincent  D.J.F. Russell  C.B. Embling 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):372-383

Shipping noise is a threat to marine wildlife. Grey seals are benthic foragers, and thus experience acoustic noise throughout the water column, which makes them a good model species for a case study of the potential impacts of shipping noise. We used ship track data from the Celtic Sea, seal track data and a coupled ocean-acoustic modelling system to assess the noise exposure of grey seals along their tracks. It was found that the animals experience step changes in sound levels up to ~ 20 dB at a frequency of 125 Hz, and ~ 10 dB on average over 10–1000 Hz when they dive through the thermocline, particularly during summer. Our results showed large seasonal differences in the noise level experienced by the seals. These results reveal the actual noise exposure by the animals and could help in marine spatial planning.  相似文献   

复杂山区上空垂直速度场和热力对流活动的理想数值模拟   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

黄倩  田文寿王文张强  沈学顺张镭　康凤琴 《气象学报》2007,65(3):341-352

利用英国气象局高分辨率的边界层数值模式BLASIUS,针对中国西北一个复杂山区进行了一系列的理想数值模拟,分析了在不同天气条件下山区上空的垂直速度场分布和对流特征以及地形对热力对流活动的影响,同时讨论了与地形有关的对流触发机制。模式结果表明,复杂山区的垂直运动在稳定层结和风速较大的情况下较易预测,而在中性层结下,山区上空的垂直运动分布随机性强。在Froude数小于0.5的条件下,气流往往被山峰阻塞而在迎风坡造成地形强迫和辐合性抬升,从而易在迎风坡触发深对流活动;在背风坡则由于迎风坡的绕流重新辐合而造成垂直运动。绕流的辐合是触发深对流活动的另一重要因子。在大风或Froude数较大的条件下,地形重力波容易在山地下游被激发。地形重力波与对流活动的相互影响在模式中清楚可见。在适当的条件下,重力波除了可以与对流活动相耦合从而使气团上升到更高的高度外,重力波的走向很可能会影响到深对流系统的传播路径。研究还发现稳定度对相邻两条对流线之间的距离长短也有影响。稳定度较小时,相邻两条对流线之间的平均宽度趋向变大而单个对流线的强度也相应变大。定量化的结论和理论升华值得进一步的数值模拟研究。  相似文献   

Assessment of the WRF model in reproducing a flash-flood heavy rainfall event over Korea   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Song-You Hong  Ji-Woo Lee 《Atmospheric Research》2009,93(4):818-831

This study examines the ability of the cloud-resolving weather research and forecasting (WRF) model to reproduce the convective cells associated with the flash-flooding heavy rainfall near Seoul, South Korea, on 12 July 2006. A triply nested WRF model with the highest resolution of 3-km horizontal grid spacing was integrated with conventional analysis data. The WRF model simulated the initiation of isolated thunderstorms, and the formation of a convective band, cloud cluster, and squall line at nearly the right time. The corresponding precipitation simulation was also reasonably reproduced in its distribution, although the amount was underestimated. A sensitivity experiment that excludes the orography over the peninsula revealed that orographic forcing over the peninsula is responsible for about 20% increase in precipitation over the heavy rainfall region. It was identified that in addition to the up-lifting local orographic forcing to the west of the mountain range in South Korea, anticyclonic circulation due to the presence of the Gaema Heights in North Korea contribute to the confinement of convective activities in the heavy rainfall region.  相似文献   

Downwelling and upwelling regimes: Connections between surface fronts and abyssal circulation     

Carol Anne Clayson  Maria Luneva  Philip Cunningham   《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2008,45(3-4):165

Recent observations in the Sea of Japan show evidence of convection to a depth of roughly 1000 m in the winter of 2000, situated along the polar front. Numerical simulations have shown that this deep mixing is associated with both ageostrophic frontal circulations and pre-existing larger-scale downwelling regimes. The downwelling regimes appear to be a result of interactions between frontal meandering and deep circulation in this basin over bottom topography anomalies. The coupling between the frontal dynamics and the deep circulation are explored by analogy to atmospheric frontal circulations through the semigeostrophic Sawyer–Eliassen equation, solved numerically for the case of the Sea of Japan. As in the atmospheric case, a vertical coupling between the upper and lower circulations can produce a localized region of downwelling that can be conducive to deeper mixing than that forced solely from surface fluxes.  相似文献   

Airborne Measurements in the Stable Boundary Layer over the Larsen Ice Shelf,Antarctica     

J. C. King  T. A. Lachlan-Cope  R. S. Ladkin  A. Weiss 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,127(3):413-428

We present aircraft measurements of boundary-layer structure and surface turbulent fluxes from a flight over the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Warm advection, associated with föhn flow, led to the formation of a stable boundary layer over the ice shelf, with a well-defined low-level jet at the top of the surface inversion. The strong shear associated with the jet kept the gradient Richardson number small and maintained a turbulent boundary layer over a depth of at least 600 m. The net surface energy balance amounted to 52 Wm^?2, equivalent to a melt rate of 13 mm water per day, with net radiation (48 Wm^?2) making the largest contribution to melt. The contribution from the sensible heat flux (13 Wm^?2) was largely balanced by an upwards latent heat flux (?9 Wm^?2). These measurements provide insight into the processes that control surface melt rates in an area that has experienced recent rapid warming and deglaciation.  相似文献   

Suspended particulate matter and dynamics of the Mfolozi estuary,Kwazulu-Natal: Implications for environmental management     

P. Lindsay  T. R. Mason  S. Pillay  C. I. Wright 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(1):40-51

 The Mfolozi Estuary on the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa is the most turbid estuary in Natal due to poor catchment management, leading to large quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) entering the estuary from the Mfolozi River. This paper quantities some of the solute and sediment dynamics in the Mfolozi Estuary where the main documented environmental concern is the periodic input of SPM from the Mfolozi Estuary to the St. Lucia system, causing reduction of light penetration and endangering biological productivity in this important nature reserve. Synoptic water level results have allowed reach mean bed shear stresses and velocities to be calculated for an observed neap tidal cycle. Results indicate that ebb velocities dominate the sediment transport processes in the estuary when fluvial input in the Mfolozi River is of the order of 15–20 m³ s^–1. Observed and predicted flood tide velocities are too low (<0.35 m s^–1) to suspend and transport significant amounts of SPM. Observed results indicate that although the SPM load entering the estuary is dominantly from the Mfolozi River, the Msunduzi River flow plays a major role in the composition of the estuary's salinity and velocity fields. It is calculated that the Mfolozi Estuary would fill with sediment in 1.3 years if it was cut off from the sea. The major fluvial flood events help maintain the estuary by periodically pushing sediment seawards (spit progrades seawards 5 m yr^–1) and scouring and maintaining the main flow channel in the estuary. During low fluvial flow conditions, tidal flow velocities will become the dominant control on sediment transport in the estuary. Interchange of SPM between the St. Lucia and Mfolozi estuaries under present conditions is complicated by the strong transverse velocity shear between the two systems at their combined mouth. This is creating a salinity-maintained axial convergence front that suppresses mixing of solutes and SPM between the systems for up to 10 h of the tidal cycle during observed conditions. Received: 22 May 1995 · Accepted: 31 July 1995  相似文献   

The motion of magnetic fronts in spiral galaxies     

D. Moss  A. Petrov  D. Sokoloff 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-2):129-149

Abstract

We study the nonlinear asymptotic thin disc approximation to the mean field dynamo equations, as applicable to spiral galaxies. The circumstances in which sharp magnetic field structures (fronts) can propagate radially are investigated, and an expression for the speed of propagation derived. We find that the speed of an interior front is proportional to η//R _? (where η is the diffusivity and R_t the galactic radius), whereas an exterior front moves with speed of order , where γ is the local growth rate of the dynamo. Numerical simulations are presented, that agree well with our asymptotic results. Further, we perform numerical experiments using the 'no-z' approximation for thin disc dynamos, and show that the propagation of magnetic fronts in this approximation can also be understood in terms of our asymptotic results.  相似文献   

地形重力波拖曳参数化对热带气旋强度和路径预报影响的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

钟水新  陈子通  戴光丰  徐道生  黄燕燕  张诚忠  蒙伟光  杨兆礼 《大气科学》2014,38(2):273-284

本文在GRAPES_TMM（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model）——中国南海台风模式版（面向南海和东南亚）中发展和引进了KA95（Kim and Arakawa,1995）地形重力波拖曳参数化方案（GWDO）,并对2012年主要的9个登陆台风进行了试验对比研究,考察了不同标准Richardson数（Ri_c）的GWDO试验对台风路径和强度预报的影响。结果表明,在引入地形重力波拖曳参数化过程后,模式对台风登陆时路径和强度的预报能力均要有提高,对台风预报时长越长,GWDO的影响也更为显著。对双台风“SAOLA”和“DAMREY”试验结果表明,GWDO对台风外围距台风中心150 km的对流层中下层风速减弱较为明显,减弱了GRAPES区域模式对台风强度预报偏强的现象,对台风强度长时间预报改善更为明显。不同标准Ri_c对重力波拖曳力的计算较为敏感,当Ri_c取1.0时,动能迅速的在低层被频散,能量无法有效地上传;Ri_c取0.25时,大部分的能量在中高层被频散。总的来说,Ri_c取0.75时对台风路径和强度预报改进更为显著,其结果可为业务预报提供指导意义。  相似文献   

Autotrophic and heterotrophic abundance and activity associated with a nearshore front off the Georgia coast,U.S.A.     

T.R. Jacobsen  L.R. Pomeroy  J.O. Blanton 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(5):509-520

The nearshore frontal zone off the coast of Georgia was found to be an area of high phytoplankton and bacterioplankton abundance and activity. Phytoplankton and bacterioplankton populations on the seaward side of the frontal zone had significantly higher photosynthetic and heterotrophic potentials than the nearshore side of the front. Phytoplankton species composition changed across the front, verifying that the front is a barrier to cross shelf mixing. Nearshore, large chain forming diatoms dominated, while smaller single cell diatoms and cyanobacteria dominated the seaward side of the front. Increased bacterioplankton activity was found associated with phytoplankton photosynthetic activity. Light appeared to be the major factor controlling photosynthesis across the frontal zone. Nitrogen, phosphorus and silica were present in similar concentrations, well above levels that would limit photosynthesis, on both sides of the front. Therefore the outflow of nutrients from rivers or estuaries did not influence primary production directly.  相似文献   

Oscillatory propagation of an ionization-shock front     

K. V. Krasnobaev 《Astronomy Letters》2001,27(2):91-94

Based on numerical simulations, we show that the oscillatory propagation of a plane-parallel ionization-shock front is possible for a typical dependence of the interstellar-medium cooling function on density and temperature. In this case, the oscillation amplitude of the shock position in the presence of an ionization front can be several times larger than its value for a single shock wave. The variations in neutral and ionized gas velocities attributable to oscillations are comparable in order of magnitude and agree with the random velocities observed in H II regions.  相似文献