COVID-19疫情期间全球空气质量变化:臭氧响应的区域间差异          下载免费PDF全文

Rong Tang  Xin Huang  Derong Zhou  Haikun Wang  Jiawei Xu  Aijun Ding 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(4):45-51

疫情期间全球各地一次排放大幅削减,而臭氧等二次污染的响应则存在着区域间差异.结合地面和卫星观测发现,同在氮氧化物大幅下降的情况下,臭氧在东亚和欧洲呈现出可达14ppb的上升信号,而北美则下降为主(约2-4ppb).我们结合气象分析和臭氧敏感性进一步讨论了臭氧响应差异性的原因,一方面受臭氧与前体物间关系的影响;另一方面来...  相似文献   

Temporal Surface Ozone Patterns in Urban Manitoba, Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. L. Raddatz  J. D. Cummine 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(3):411-428

This study examined temporal surface ozone patternsfor two urban centres in Manitoba,Canada by analyzing hourly concentrations at theWinnipeg downtown (1995–1999), Winnipegresidential (1995–1999) and Brandon industrial(1998–1999) monitoring sites. The characteristicannual ozone cycle and diurnalcycles for June and December were attributable to: (1) theannual and diurnal solar radiation cycles,(2) temporal variations in the emissions of precursorchemical compounds, in particular the source strength ofnitrogen oxides, (3) temporal variationsin the height of the mixed layer, which determinethe degree of dilution of these emissions byatmospheric dispersion, and (4) an in situvolatile organic compound sensitive photochemicalregime, which resulted in decreased concentrations ofozone in response to increasedconcentrations of nitrogen oxides. Onlyone exceedance of the maximum acceptable level of82 ppb was recorded in the study period; itoccurred at the Brandon monitoring site on June 6, 1999.The sequence of weather and the hourly concentrationsof ozone and nitrogen oxides indicatedthat: (1) ozone fumigation, with the transition fromthe nocturnal boundary layer to the daytime mixed layer, mayhave supplemented photochemical ozone formation duringthe morning hours, and (2) during theevening hours, the post cold-frontal downward flux ofozone rich air, which was in the region dueto atmospheric transport, stratosphere-troposphere-exchangeor, possibly, due to the multiplicityof thunderstorms in the area in lateafternoon – early evening, may have been the main cause ofthis rare exceedance event.  相似文献   

An evaluation of autocatalytic ozone production from vibrationally excited oxygen in the middle atmosphere     

R. Toumi 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,15(1):69-77

The possibility of significant autocatalytic ozone production in the middle atmosphere has been demonstrated by Toumi et al. A detailed framework including five processes previously not considered is presented here. When these processes are included, particularly wavelength-dependent vibrational distributions of O₂, calculated ozone enhancements are less than 10% in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The vibrational distributions and the rate of vibrational quenching are identified as key issues which need to be addressed by experiments.  相似文献   

1997年和2011年春季北极臭氧损耗事件的对比分析          下载免费PDF全文

索春男  田文寿  谢飞  雒佳丽  张健恺 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,75(3):492-505

采用SLIMCAT化学传输模式以及再分析资料,对比分析了1997和2011年北极地区平流层臭氧异常偏低事件及其成因。结果表明,1997和2011年3月北极地区大气臭氧柱总量（TCO）异常值都达到了约-80 DU,并且在30-200 hPa（中下平流层）区域的大气臭氧柱总量异常约占整层大气臭氧柱总量异常的80%。分析表明发生在这两年的极端臭氧偏低事件均可能是由于上一年冬季的拉尼娜事件导致上传的行星波减少,使得北极极涡加强,平流层温度异常偏低,生成了更多极地云,引起更强的臭氧化学损耗导致的。对比这两年的大气臭氧柱总量变化发现,2011年的柱总量减少得更快。2011年北极地区上对流层下平流层（UTLS）区域臭氧下降要明显强于1997年,其主要原因应该是2010-2011冬季的拉尼娜活动更强,北太平洋海温更高,进一步减弱阿留申低压和平流层波活动。这导致2011年极涡温度异常偏低更强烈,形成了更多的极地平流层云甚至出现了第二类极地平流层云,最终加速该年春季的臭氧化学损耗引起的。  相似文献   

臭氧在卤虫卵孵化中的应用效果研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

宫小明  刘淇  王群  李健 《海洋科学》2002,26(6):68-71

臭氧因具有强氧化性,可以起到灭菌、消毒、净化水质的作用 ,并且它在水中可迅速分解为氧气,不会造成对水体的污染［１，８，９］,被认为是一种绿色环保型的“消毒剂” ,因而在水产养殖中的应用越来越广泛。以往人们的研究主要集中在臭氧对养殖鱼类的毒性及水体的杀菌效果等方面［５，６，８］ 另有报道臭氧影响微藻中的脂肪酸和蛋白质的含量［７］。有关臭氧对卤虫卵孵化率的影响仅见有孙广明等［２］报道 :利用臭氧处理过的水进行卤虫卵孵化,可使其孵化率提高１０%以上。但有关卤虫卵孵化的最佳臭氧浓度、臭氧对卤虫无节幼体的成活率影响、…  相似文献   

臭氧处理海水对小球藻蛋白质、氨基酸和碳水化合物含量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王成刚  唐学玺  郑波  汤晓华 《海洋科学》2001,25(2):15-17

要用臭氧处理的海洋小球藻，分析了不同生长期小球藻的蛋白质、氨基酸、碳水化合物的含量。结果表明，一定剂量的臭氧处理海水不可提高小球藻的蛋白质含量，降低碳水化合物的含量，提高氨基酸的绝对含量，鱼类必需氨基酸占所氨基酸总量例变化不大。说明该处理有利于小球藻营养价值的提高。  相似文献   

Temporal Variations in the Dissolved Nutrient Stocks in the Surface Water of the Western North Atlantic Ocean     

Insaf S. Babiker  Mohamed A. A. Mohamed  Kaori Komaki  Keiichi Ohta  Kikuo Kato 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(3):553-562

Changes in patterns of undetectability and molar ratios of dissolved nutrients in the euphotic zone of the oligotrophic western North Atlantic Ocean were investigated utilizing the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) data set of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Our aim was to examine the temporal dynamics of nutrient stocks over a decade (1989∼1998) and to gain insight into the interactions between the different biotic and abiotic factors underlying BATS. Patterns of nutrient undetectability clearly revealed the depleted nature of the nutrients in surface water at the BATS location, particularly phosphorous. The N:P ratio was consistently far above the nominal Redfield ratio (mean, 38.5) but was significantly lower during the 1993∼1994 period (22.1). Over the same period the proportion of samples depleted in N only increased while the proportion of samples depleted in P only decreased. This indicates an overall reduction of N relative to P in the surface water at BATS during the 1993∼1994 period, the reasons for this anomaly, though, are not clear. The correlation analysis between the biotic and abiotic variables at BATS has indicated some interesting relationships that can help understand some of the parameters affecting nutrient stocks in the euphotic zone and their consequent impacts on marine biota. Although nutrient stocks in the oligotrophic environment are limited, they might be subject to interannual variation that may become anomalous in some cases. These variations might underlay significant feedback mechanisms by affecting marine productivity, the prime factor controlling the sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ by the oceans. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Short-term stock assessment of Loligo gahi at the Falkland Islands: sequential use of stochastic biomass projection and stock depletion models     

Roa-Ureta  Ruben; Arkhipkin  Alexander I. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(1):3-17

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River–aquifer interactions in a semi‐arid environment stressed by groundwater abstraction     

Andrew M. McCallum  Martin S. Andersen  Beatrice M. S. Giambastiani  Bryce F. J. Kelly  R. Ian Acworth 《水文研究》2013,27(7):1072-1085

Rivers and aquifers are, in many cases, a connected resource and as such the interactions between them need to be understood and quantified for the resource to be managed appropriately. The objective of this paper is to advance the understanding of river–aquifer interactions processes in semi‐arid environments stressed by groundwater abstraction. This is performed using data from a specific catchment where records of precipitation, evapotranspiration, river flow, groundwater levels and groundwater abstraction are analysed using basic statistics, hydrograph analysis and a simple mathematical model to determine the processes causing the spatial and temporal changes in river–aquifer interactions. This combined approach provides a novel but simple methodology to analyse river–aquifer interactions, which can be applied to catchments worldwide. The analysis revealed that the groundwater levels have declined (~ 3 m) since the onset of groundwater abstraction. The decline is predominantly due to the abstraction rather than climatic changes (r = 0.84 for the relationship between groundwater abstraction and groundwater levels; r = 0.92 for the relationship between decline in groundwater levels and magnitude of seasonal drawdown). It is then demonstrated that, since the onset of abstraction, the river has changed from being gaining to losing during low‐flow periods, defined as periods with flow less than 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 GL/day (1 GL/day = 1 × 10⁶ m³/day). If defined as < 1.0 GL/day, low‐flow periods constitute approximately 65% of the river flows; the periods where the river is losing at low‐flow conditions are thus significant. Importantly, there was a significant delay (> 10 years) between the onset of groundwater abstraction and the changeover from gaining to losing conditions. Finally, a relationship between the groundwater gradient towards the river and the river flow at low‐flow is demonstrated. The results have important implications for water management as well as water ecology and quality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Analysis of satellite‐based and in situ hydro‐climatic data depicts water storage depletion in North China Region     

Juana Paul Moiwo  Fulu Tao  Wenxi Lu 《水文研究》2013,27(7):1011-1020

Water storage depletion is an increasing hydrological threat to agricultural production and social stability across the globe. It is fast approaching threshold levels especially in arid/semiarid regions with low precipitation and excessive evapotranspiration (ET). This study analyses water storage dynamics in the North China Region (NCR) – an important grain‐production base in China. It uses monthly Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and field‐measured precipitation data products for 2002–2009. The datasets are analysed in a basin‐scale water balance equation to determine the state of storage in the NCR study area. Based on the validated satellite‐based data products with field‐measured values, average error/bias in the datasets is <10%. The analysis also shows favourable agreements among the GRACE‐derived and flux‐based storage changes at various temporal scales. Whereas the amplitudes and phases of the precipitation and ET fluxes are largely stable for 2002–2009, those of GLDAS runoff and GRACE total water storage anomaly apparently narrow out. The linear trends in the monthly, seasonal and annual storage changes are negative for the study period, suggesting storage loss. There is an apparent seasonality of storage change in the study area; with summer storage gain, winter storage loss and an overall storage loss that is on the average of 16.8 mm/yr. Storage loss is most severe in the central floodplain region (the main irrigated production zone) of the study area. Storage depletion in this important agro‐based semi‐arid region could have negative implications for the millions of people in the region and beyond in terms of water supply, crop production, food security and social stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献