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31.
Three debris-flow simulation model software have been applied to the back analysis of a typical alpine debris flow that caused
significant deposition on an urbanized alluvial fan. Parameters used in the models were at first retrieved from the literature
and then adjusted to fit field evidence. In the case where different codes adopted the same parameters, the same input values
were used, and comparable outputs were obtained. Results of the constitutive laws used (Bingham rheology, Voellmy fluid rheology
and a quadratic rheology formulation which adds collisional and turbulent stresses to the Bingham law) indicate that no single
rheological model appears to be valid for all debris flows. The three applied models appear to be capable of reasonable reproduction
of debris-flow events, although with different levels of detail. The study shows how different software can be used to predict
the debris-flow motion for various purposes from a first screening, to predict the runout distance and deposition of the solid
material and to the different behaviour of the mixtures of flows with variation of maximum solid concentration. 相似文献
32.
The present paper deals with the specification of bed erosion flux that accounts for the effects of sediment-induced stratification in the water column. Owing to difficulties in measuring the bed shear stress b and the erosive shear strength s, we suggest a series of methods that combine laboratory and numerical experiments. A simplified turbulent transport model that includes these effects helps to quantify b and s. Focusing on soft stratified beds, the present study considers erosion rate formulas of the form =f exp {[Tb-Ts]} where is a model constant (=1 for Gularte's (1978) formula and =1/2 for Parchure's (1984) formula). First, the bed erosive strength profile s(Z) is adjusted by forcing the turbulent transport model with measured erosion rates. Second, three procedures are suggested to determine the erosion rate formula coefficients f and : a global procedure and two different layer-by-layer procedures. Each procedure is applied to an erosion experiment conducted in a rotating annular flume by Villaret and Paulic (1986). The use of the layer-by-layer procedure based on a least squares fitting technique provides a closer fit than the global procedure. The present study points out the complementarity of experimental and numerical approaches and also suggests possible improvements in laboratory test procedures. 相似文献
34.
A sequence of computer experiments is used to study questions concerning the tsunami problem as a quantitative estimate of tsunami danger, detailed geographical tsunami classification, determination of the parameters of critical tsunami waves, and the conditions of their development. We call a wave critical, if its impact on the coast is most hazardous.Using the Middle Kuril Island as an example, we present the results of a computer experiment which includes determining the wavefields on the shelf and estimating the effects connected with the deep-water Bussol and Diana Straits.Numerical simulation of tsunami waves of different sources permits the assessment of the extent of tsunami danger in different areas of the coastal zone of Simushir Island, depending on the location of the focus zone and their geometry.The major singularities of the wavefield arise in the zones of the deep-water straits. The distribution of the amplification factors is determined by both the global parameters of the wavefields and the local properties of individual harbours. The results obtained for a particular harbour in the northern part of Simushir Island, formed the basis for the quantitative estimate of tsunami danger for this area. 相似文献
35.
Analyzing the tables and probability maps posted by Yan Y. Kagan and David D. Jackson in April 2002–September 2004 at http://scec.ess.ucla.edu/~ykagan/predictions_index.html and the catalog of earthquakes for the same period, the conclusion is drawn that the underlying method could be used for prediction of aftershocks, while it does not outscore random guessing when main shocks are considered. 相似文献
36.
青藏高原清水河多年冻土区铁路路基沉降变形特征研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
通过埋设在青藏铁路路基中两个断面内的6条沉降观测管3 a来的地基沉降变形资料,研究了高原多年冻土区铁路路基的沉降变形特征,分析了填筑铁路路基对下伏多年冻土融化变形的影响。研究表明,由于受到填筑路基时赋存在路基填料内的热量的影响,铁路路基下伏多年冻土上限在施工初期会有一个明显的下移沉降,铁路路基也随之有一个较大幅度的工后下沉变动,随着时间的推移,路基下降速率会逐渐下降,但在短时间内不会停止下来,而且由于太阳辐射和路基边坡形状的影响,路基向阳面与背阴面的变形有较大的差别,且在近南北向展布的路基上表现最为明显。 相似文献
37.
库车坳陷侏罗系煤成气动力学模拟研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用黄金管—高压釜封闭体系热模拟实验与GC、GC-IRMS分析技术,结合KINETICS专用软件,对库车坳陷侏罗系煤成气进行了动力学模拟研究。库车坳陷侏罗系煤具有高的产气性,在高演化阶段主要产甲烷气;侏罗系煤热解气甲烷碳同位素为-36‰~-25‰,乙烷碳同位素为-28‰~-16‰;甲烷、C2-C5气态烃的生成活化能分别为(47~64k)calm/ol、(55~72k)calm/ol,频率因子各为5.265×1013s-1、5.388×1018s-1。在此基础上,进一步探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。研究认为,克拉2气田天然气属阶段捕获的煤成气,主要聚集了5~1Ma时期的天然气,其成熟度Ro分布范围为1.3%~2.5%。 相似文献
38.
39.
40.
西北区东部一次暴雨的数值模拟试验 总被引:19,自引:23,他引:19
运用双向嵌套的中尺度数值预报模式MM5,对1998年7月上旬西北区东部一次暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明,该模式能较好地模拟这次暴雨过程,对这次暴雨过程相关的中尺度系统的发生发展也作出了较成功的模拟;大尺度及积云对流尺度的凝结潜热在降水过程中是一个主要因子,潜热释放将加热中高层大气,促使高层大气辐散,低层辐合,垂直运动加强,导致较大的降水;初始时刻不同地区低层大气水汽含量的多寡直接对本次暴雨产生影响,并为这次暴雨提供了水汽源;地面水汽和感热的垂直输送为暴雨的发生发展补充了能量。 相似文献