A method for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in snow and application to a Greenland snow pit   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Erika von Schneidemesser  James J. Schauer  Martin M. Shafer  Gayle S.W. Hagler  Michael H. Bergin  Eric J. Steig 《Polar Science》2008,2(4):251-266

A method was developed to quantify a suite of organic compounds from snow melt water samples present at trace level concentrations, using a dichloromethane liquid–liquid extraction and GC–MS. Samples from a 3-m snow pit sampled in 2005 from Summit, Greenland were analyzed using the method developed, and a profile of organics over the past 4 years was compiled. Supporting data including the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), low molecular weight acids, and trace elements were determined using well established methods. The results show that low molecular weight acids contribute a significant percentage, up to 20%, of the measured TOC. Hopanes were measured quantitatively for the first time in Greenland snow. Hopanes, as well as PAHs, are at very low concentrations and contribute 0.0002–0.004% to TOC. Alkanes and alkanoic acids were also quantified, and contribute less than 1% and up to 7%, respectively to TOC. No apparent seasonal pattern was found for specific classes of organic compounds in the snow pit. The lack of seasonal pattern may be due to post-depositional processing.  相似文献   

青藏高原雪盖变化对我国气候的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

谢志辉  罗勇 《应用气象学报》1999,10(Z1):1

青藏高原雪盖是影响我国气候的一个重要因子,除了具有明显的季节变化之外,还有明显的年际变化和年代际变化．它通过改变高原的热力作用而影响东亚季风进程、大气环流以及我国的气温和降水．雪盖具有较为明显的持续性,且具有振幅变化大的特点,人们越来越重视雪盖的气候效应和作为季度预报因子的作用．  相似文献   

利用TOVS资料测雪     

刘瑞云  罗敬宁 《应用气象学报》1999,10(1):88-93

该文提出了利用TOVS的MSU-1（微波辐射仪的第一通道、中心频率50.31 GHz）、HIRS/2-8（高分辨率红外辐射仪的第八通道、中心波长11.10 μm）、HIRS/2-19（中心波长3.70μm）及HIRS/2-20（中心波长0.70 μm）光谱特性的差异进行云的检测,以及在晴空条件下测雪的方法。该方法测出的1993年1月我国东部地区和1991年1月西藏高原东部地区降雪过程的积雪图,与实况相符。  相似文献   

Estimating the distribution of snow water equivalent using remotely sensed snow cover data and a spatially distributed snowmelt model: A multi-resolution,multi-sensor comparison     

Noah P. Molotch  Steven A. Margulis 《Advances in water resources》2008

Time series of fractional snow covered area (SCA) estimates from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data were combined with a spatially distributed snowmelt model to reconstruct snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Rio Grande headwaters (3419 km²). In this reconstruction approach, modeled snowmelt over each pixel is integrated during the period of satellite-observed snow cover to estimate SWE. Due to underestimates in snow cover detection, maximum basin-wide mean SWE using MODIS and AVHRR were, respectively, 45% and 68% lower than SWE estimates obtained using ETM+ data. The mean absolute error (MAE) of SWE estimated at 100-m resolution using ETM+ data was 23% relative to observed SWE from intensive field campaigns. Model performance deteriorated when MODIS (MAE = 50%) and AVHRR (MAE = 89%) SCA data were used. Relative to differences in the SCA products, model output was less sensitive to spatial resolution (MAE = 39% and 73% for ETM+ and MODIS simulations run at 1 km resolution, respectively), indicating that SWE reconstructions at the scale of MODIS acquisitions may be tractable provided the SCA product is improved. When considering tradeoffs between spatial and temporal resolution of different sensors, our results indicate that higher spatial resolution products such as ETM+ remain more accurate despite the lower frequency of acquisition. This motivates continued efforts to improve MODIS snow cover products.  相似文献   

Disentangling the impacts of exogenous disturbances on forest stands to assess multi-centennial tree-ring reconstructions of avalanche activity in the upper Goms Valley (Canton of Valais,Switzerland)     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2017

The purpose of dendrogeomorphic analyses is to amplify the signal related to the geomorphic process under investigation, and to minimize the noise induced by other signals in the tree-ring series. Yet, to date, no study accounts specifically for interferences induced by climate conditions or exogenous disturbances and which can, potentially, affect the quality of tree-ring based process reconstructions. In this paper, we develop a specific procedure allowing evaluation of the quality of reconstructions in five avalanche paths at Oberwald (Swiss Alps). The study is based on possible interferences between snow avalanches, climatic conditions and ecological signals in the tree-ring series. Analysis of past events was based on tree-ring series from 564 heavily affected, multi-centennial European larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) growing near or next to the avalanche paths. A total of 2389 growth disturbances, such as scars, tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts, compression wood as well as abrupt growth suppressions or releases, were identified in the samples, indicating 43 destructive snow avalanches since AD 1780. At the same time, 31 potential events, which were detected with the conventional Shroder index value, were rejected from the final reconstruction due to potentially strong interferences between the different signals. This high rejection rate underlines the necessity to systematically–and carefully–discriminate ecological and climatic noise from avalanche-related disturbances. This discrimination is even more so crucial as a significant proportion of dendrogeomorphic studies in the Alps are based on L. decidua trees which are cyclically affected by larch budmoth outbreaks.  相似文献   

北京海坨山区低槽降雪云系演变特征的观测研究     

马新成  董晓波  毕凯  温典  陈云波  陈羿辰  麦榕 《气象学报》2021,79(3):428-442

2019年2月14日在北京海坨山地区出现了一次由低槽云系产成的降雪过程.利用飞机、Ka波段云雷达、微波辐射计、降水粒子谱仪、雪晶显微观测仪等协同观测数据集,分析了此次降雪过程的天气形势、中尺度和微观结构的演变特征.协同观测显示:(1)降雪过程由高空低槽和地面倒槽槽前西南暖湿气流与低层东风回流干冷偏东风共同影响形成,西南...  相似文献   

A method for monthly mapping of wet and dry snow using Sentinel-1 and MODIS: Application to a Himalayan river basin     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2019

Satellite Remote Sensing, with both optical and SAR instruments, can provide distributed observations of snow cover over extended and inaccessible areas. Both instruments are complementary, but there have been limited attempts at combining their measurements. We describe a novel approach to produce monthly maps of dry and wet snow areas through application of data fusion techniques to MODIS fractional snow cover and Sentinel-1 wet snow mask, facilitated by Google Earth Engine. The method is demonstrated in a 55,000 km² river basin in the Indian Himalayan region over a period of ∼2.5 years, although it can be applied to any areas of the world where Sentinel-1 data are routinely available. The typical underestimation of wet snow area by SAR is corrected using a digital elevation model to estimate the average melting altitude. We also present an empirical model to derive the fractional cover of wet snow from Sentinel-1. Finally, we demonstrate that Sentinel-1 effectively complements MODIS as it highlights a snowmelt phase which occurs with a decrease in snow depth but no/little decrease in snowpack area. Further developments are now needed to incorporate these high resolution observations of snow areas as inputs to hydrological models for better runoff analysis and improved management of water resources and flood risk.  相似文献   

How much variation in land surface phenology can climate oscillation modes explain at the scale of mountain pastures in Kyrgyzstan?     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

Climate oscillation modes can shape weather across the globe due to atmospheric teleconnections. We built on the findings of a recent study to assess whether the impacts of teleconnections are detectable and significant in the early season dynamics of highland pastures across five rayons in Kyrgyzstan. Specifically, since land surface phenology (LSP) has already shown to be influenced by snow cover seasonality and terrain, we investigated here how much more explanatory and predictive power information about climatic oscillation modes might add to explain variation in LSP. We focused on seasonal values of five climate oscillation indices that influence vegetation dynamics in Central Asia. We characterized the phenology in highland pastures with metrics derived from LSP modeling using Landsat NDVI time series together with MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data: Peak Height (PH), the maximum modeled NDVI and Thermal Time to Peak (TTP), the quantity of accumulated growing degree-days based on LST required to reach PH. Next, we calculated two metrics of snow cover seasonality from MODIS snow cover composites: last date of snow (LDoS), and the number of snow covered dates (SCD). For terrain features, we derived elevation, slope, and TRASP index as linearization of aspect. First, we used Spearman’s rank correlation to assess the geographical differentiation of land surface phenology metrics responses to environmental variables. PH showed weak correlations with TTP (positive in western but negative in eastern rayons), and moderate relationships with LDoS and SCD only in one northeastern rayon. Slope was weakly related to PH, while TRASP showed a consistent moderate negative correlation with PH. A significant but weak negative correlation was found between PH and SCAND JJA, and a significant weak positive correlation with MEI MAM. TTP showed consistently strong negative relationships with LDoS, SCD, and elevation. Very weak positive correlations with TTP were found for EAWR DJF, AMO DJF, and MEI DJF in western rayons only. Second, we used Partial Least Squares regression to investigate the role of oscillation modes altogether. PLS modelling of TTP showed that thermal time accumulation could be explained mostly by elevation and snow cover metrics, leading to reduced models explaining 55 to 70% of observed variation in TTP. Variable selection indicated that NAO JJA, AMO JJA and SCAND MAM had significant relationships with TTP, but their input of predictive power was neglible. PLS models were able to explain up to 29% of variability in PH. SCAND JJA and MEI MAM were shown to be significant predictors, but adding them into models did not influence modeling performance. We concluded the impacts of climate oscillation anomalies were not detectable or significant in mountain pastures using LSP metrics at fine spatial resolution. Rather, at a 30 m resolution, the indirect effects of seasonal climatic oscillations are overridden by terrain influences (mostly elevation) and snow cover timing. Whether climate oscillation mode indices can provide some new and useful information about growing season conditions remains a provocative question, particularly in light of the multiple environmental challenges facing the agropastoralism livelihood in montane Central Asia.  相似文献   

天山西部寒区山地生态系统近40年来气候变化特征——以中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站为例     

史志文  徐俊荣  陈忠升  李梅英 《山地学报》2009,27(1)

揭示区域气候变化,可以为区域产业发展的优化与调控、林牧业的可持续发展以及能源和矿产资源开发对区域生态环境影响研究提供重要的理论依据.利用中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站1968~2007年的气温、降水等资料,应用统计方法分析天山西部寒区山地生态系统近40 a的气候变化特征.结果表明:该区在20世纪70年代属偏冷干时期,80年代为逐渐转暖的偏暖湿时期,90年代为异常暖干时期,2l世纪前4 a气候较为暖湿.该区气候整体上向暖湿方向变化.  相似文献   

梅里雪山雨崩村生态旅游商品开发研究     

沈丽君  杨桂华 《云南地理环境研究》2010,22(5):57-62

梅里雪山是云南省自然景观最为壮美,生物多样性和少数民族文化多样性最为丰富的地区。2000年以来,位于梅里雪山腹心地的雨崩村民依靠自身力量发展起来了基于社区的乡村旅游业,并从中致富。近年来,随着雨崩观光旅游者的快速增长,雨崩村乡村旅游业开始暴露出一系列的问题,其中最为突出的是具有当地特色的生态旅游商品开发严重滞后。通过实地调查研究发现,虽然现存交通、电力等外部因素受限制,但是如果充分挖掘和利用村民现在可利用的自然和文化资源,就能够依靠村民自身条件开发出质优价廉的生态旅游商品,满足旅游者日益扩大的旅游体验需求。  相似文献