Low detection capability of global earthquakes after the occurrence of large earthquakes: investigation of the Harvard CMT catalogue   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Takaki Iwata 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(3):849-856

We investigated the detection capability of global earthquakes immediately after the occurrence of a large earthquake. We stacked global earthquake sequences after occurrences of large earthquakes obtained from the Harvard centroid-moment tensor catalogue, and applied a statistical model that represents an observed magnitude–frequency distribution of earthquakes to the stacked sequence. The temporal variation in model parameters, which corresponds to the detection capability of earthquakes, was estimated using a Bayesian approach. We found that the detection capability of global earthquakes is lower than normal for several hours after the occurrence of large earthquakes; for instance, the duration of lowered detection capability of global earthquakes after the occurrence of an earthquake with a magnitude of seven or larger is estimated to be approximately 12 hr.  相似文献   

Hillslope response to tectonic forcing in threshold landscapes     

Roman A. DiBiase  Arjun M. Heimsath  Kelin X. Whipple 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(8):855-865

Hillslopes are thought to poorly record tectonic signals in threshold landscapes. Numerous previous studies of steep landscapes suggest that large changes in long‐term erosion rate lead to little change in mean hillslope angle, measured at coarse resolution. New LiDAR‐derived topography data enables a finer examination of threshold hillslopes. Here we quantify hillslope response to tectonic forcing in a threshold landscape. To do so, we use an extensive cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be)‐based dataset of catchment‐averaged erosion rates combined with a 500 km² LiDAR‐derived 1 m digital elevation model to exploit a gradient of tectonic forcing and topographic relief in the San Gabriel Mountains, California. We also calibrate a new method of quantifying rock exposure from LiDAR‐derived slope measurements using high‐resolution panoramic photographs. Two distinct trends in hillslope behavior emerge: below catchment‐mean slopes of 30°, modal slopes increase with mean slopes, slope distribution skewness decreases with increasing mean slope, and bedrock exposure is limited; above mean slopes of 30°, our rock exposure index increases strongly with mean slope, and the prevalence of angle‐of‐repose debris wedges keeps modal slopes near 37°, resulting in a positive relationship between slope distribution skewness and mean slope. We find that both mean slopes and rock exposure increase with erosion rate up to 1 mm/a, in contrast to previous work based on coarser topographic data. We also find that as erosion rates increase, the extent of the fluvial network decreases, while colluvial channels extend downstream, keeping the total drainage density similar across the range. Our results reveal important textural details lost in 10 or 30 m resolution digital elevation models of steep landscapes, and highlight the need for process‐based studies of threshold hillslopes and colluvial channels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

MML-EM方法及其在化探数据混合分布中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘向冲  侯翠霞  申维  张德会 《地球科学》2011,36(2):355-359

概率图法在筛分混合分布的问题上,只能对混合分布的各项参数作出粗略的估计.为了解决这一问题,引入了MML-EM法.模拟研究表明,在混合分布参数估计上,该方法比概率图法有更高的精度.以江西大吉山钨矿石英脉原生晕数据为例,经过该方法的筛分,得到钨、钽和铌的含量服从由2个子分布组成的混合对数正态分布,即双峰分布.结合前人的地质研究,可以初步得出结论:钨的高值总体代表了岩浆期后热液成矿期的热液充填石英脉型矿化,低值总体可能代表其他成矿期的事件,其中高值部分可能构成岩浆晚期浸染型的弱钨矿化.钽和铌的高值总体代表岩浆晚期的浸染型富矿化,低值总体代表其他成矿期的叠加矿化.该方法为化探数据中混合分布的筛分以及解释多地质成因总体提供了一种良好的定量化工具.   相似文献   

Approximating groundwater age distributions using simple streamtube models and multiple tracers     

《Advances in water resources》2014

We use a streamtube based decomposition and a recently developed, simple relationship between tracer concentrations and ages to estimate groundwater age distributions. The decomposition assumes that an age distribution can be approximated using a superposition of linearly independent streamtubes. Transport in each streamtube is modeled with inverse Gaussian functions, the parameters of which are inferred from radiometric tracer concentrations. Three simple sampling methods are considered for weakly and moderately heterogeneous aquifers and the method gives reasonable approximations in both systems. The method is sensitive to errors in the measured concentrations but some of these errors are easily identifiable and a range of plausible age distributions can still be found. The method was then tested in a highly heterogeneous system and reasonable estimates of the age distribution were also obtained. The simplicity of this method and its insensitivity to the heterogeneity structure suggest that this approach may be an effective tool for obtaining estimates of age distributions in natural systems.  相似文献   

中国6.0级以上地震临震电离层扰动时空分布特征研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

刘静  万卫星 《地球物理学报》2014,57(7):2181-2189

基于GPS TEC数据,对1998年11月1日-2010年12月31日中国大陆M_S≥6.0地震临震电离层扰动进行了研究.分析发现,震中上空及周围的东、南、西、北4个方向震前15天到地震当天时序变化趋势较相似,5个方向都观测到了震前3-5天负异常稍高于正异常的现象.按震中±10°、±20°、±30°不同空间尺度分析震前0-15天TEC变化,研究表明临震电离层异常最明显的区域并不位于震中的正上空,而是向磁赤道方向偏移,空间影响尺度大约为±15°左右;正异常在震前14天、10天震中西南方向出现不同程度的高值区,负异常在震前5天震中东南方向较明显.最后,应用静电场假设对这些现象进行了解释.  相似文献   

高亚洲定位监测冰川平衡线高度时空分布特征研究   总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2  

叶万花  王飞腾  李忠勤  张慧  徐春海  怀保娟 《冰川冻土》2016,38(6):1459-1469

利用高亚洲定位监测冰川平衡线高度数据,对平衡线高度时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：高亚洲冰川平衡线高度在空间尺度上具有纬度地带性、经向地带性和区域性的特征。在时间尺度上,高亚洲定位监测冰川平衡线高度呈现不同程度的升高趋势。在天山山区,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和Ts.Tuyuksuyskiy冰川的平衡线高度在1960-2013年间,分别增加约116m、80m,二者相比,Ts.Tuyuksuyskiy冰川对气候变化的敏感性更高;在阿尔泰山区,No.125（Vodopadniy）冰川、Maliy Aktru冰川和Leviy Aktru冰川在1983-2007年间,平衡线高度变化趋势基本一致,总体都呈升高趋势,其中,Maliy Aktru冰川平衡线高度增幅最大,升高了约142m;高亚洲定位监测冰川中,1962-2008年间,七一冰川平衡线高度升高速度最快,增幅最大,升高了约264m,升高速度最为缓慢的是乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川,其增幅最小,升高了约47m。  相似文献   

1950年西藏察隅M8.6强震序列震源参数复核   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

李保昆  刁桂苓  徐锡伟  万永革  冯向东  邹立晔  苗春兰 《地球物理学报》2015,58(11):4254-4265

1950年8月15日西藏察隅发生M8.6巨大地震.我们利用收集到的全球239个台站的P波资料,利用我国国家测震台网的常规定位方法和模型,对察隅M8.6强震序列进行了重新定位,并在此基础上重新计算了震源机制解.重定位后的结果表明,察隅M8.6强震序列显示出不同时段的震中分区分布特征:第1阶段是前震,1950年2月23日在墨脱北部雅鲁藏布江大拐弯的顶部发生;第2阶段是1950年8月15日─1950年8月18日,发生主震和之后3天内的余震,都分布在察隅附近,并且这些震中呈北西条带分布;第3阶段的余震是1950年8月22日─1950年9月13日,它们扩展到南部的印度和缅甸地区;第4阶段的余震是1950年9月30日─1951年4月15日,发生在西部的墨脱、错那等地.这四个分区的关联特点为顺时针旋移.重新计算后的震源机制解显示出:主震的NWW走向的节面与主震后2区内余震震中的NWW分布方向一致;序列中所有的压应力轴P和张应力轴T,都接近于水平向,其倾伏角大都小于20°;察隅主震和2区内余震的压应力轴P为近南北向,张应力轴T为近东西向;但3区和4区余震的P轴为近东西向,T轴为近南北向.反映出该强震序列中余震震源机制解的差异比较大.  相似文献   

Modelling dose rate to single grains of quartz in well-sorted sand samples: The dispersion arising from the presence of potassium feldspars and implications for single grain OSL dating     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2015

Single grain OSL has become a widely used approach in Quaternary geochronology. However, the origins of D_e distributions and the sources of variation in individual dose estimates are still poorly understood. The amount of scatter in these distributions on top of the known uncertainties in measurement and analysis is defined by overdispersion and this quantity is generally used for weighting individual D_e values to calculate a central equivalent dose. In this study, we address the nature and amount of different sources of dispersion in quartz single grain D_e estimates, by (i) using appropriate statistical tools to characterize D_e populations and (ii) modelling, with a specifically designed Geant4 code, dose rate distributions arising from the presence of potassium feldspar grains in well-sorted sands. The model uses Monte Carlo simulations of beta emissions and interactions in a random close packing of quartz and feldspar spheres representing a sand sample. Based on the simulation results, we explain the discrepancy between intrinsic and natural overdispersion values in a well-bleached sample, thus validating the model. The three parameters having the most influence on dispersion in dose rate distributions, and modelled in this study, appear to be grain size, potassium content and total dose rate.Finally an analysis of measurement uncertainties and other sources of variations in equivalent dose estimates lead us to conclude that all age models (both logged and unlogged) which include an overdispersion value to weight individual D_e values rely mainly on unknown parameters; this ignorance may lead to an inadvertent bias in D_e estimates. Assuming counting statistics make a small contribution to dispersion (as is often the case), we suggest that in some cases it is most appropriate to use unweighted averages of equivalent doses when dividing by commonly measured average dose rates.  相似文献   

Exponential Longitudinal Profiles of Streams     

Peter H. Morris  David J. Williams 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(2):143-163

A theoretical model is presented which shows that streams with low solids concentrations and low lateral inflows, whose bed load sediments undergo either comminution or hydraulic sorting under steady or quasi-steady conditions, have exponential profiles. Similar streams in which both communition and sorting are significant have exponential profiles only if they are short Sediment threshold and flow depth estimates based on the theoretical model are consistent with field and laboratory data from the literature. A comparison of the model and communition and sorting data from the literature strongly suggests that hydraulic sorting and comminution dominate in short and long natural streams, respectively. No examples of natural streams of intermediate length with exponential longitudinal profiles were found, suggesting that neither sorting nor comminution is dominant in such streams. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

湖光岩玛珥湖水体中营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈法锦  劳齐斌  卞培旺  朱庆梅  周凤霞  周欣  孟亚飞  王梦宇 《湖泊科学》2018,30(6):1693-1706

湖光岩玛珥湖是世界上最大的玛珥湖,它几乎是封闭的,受外界的干扰小.目前有关玛珥湖的研究主要集中在古气候及生态环境研究方面,而有关玛珥湖营养盐在一年中的生物地球化学循环的研究较少,因此研究湖光岩玛珥湖营养盐的生物地球化学过程具有重要意义.于2015年10月-2016年9月对湖光岩玛珥湖全水柱的营养盐及其他相关参数进行逐月调查,分析营养盐的结构特征、垂直分布特征和时间变化情况,并讨论营养盐时空变化的影响因素.结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖水中的无机氮（DIN）以铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）为主（>60%）,其次是硝态氧（NO₃^--N）,亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）所占比利最低.湖光岩玛珥湖水中的硅酸盐（SiO₃^2--Si）浓度较高,水体浮游植物生长受磷限制.冬季风期间,水体垂直混合较均匀,导致营养盐的垂直分布比较均匀;夏季风期间,水体层化,营养盐浓度在浅层水体较低,在深层水体较高.湖光岩玛珥湖表层水中的NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和SiO₃^2--Si具有明显的时间变化规律：NO₃^--N浓度从10月-次年3月升高,从3-9月降低;NH₄⁺-N浓度从10月-次年5月降低;SiO₃^2--Si浓度从11月-次年5月降低,从5-9月持续升高.营养盐浓度的时间变化受有机质的矿化分解、水体的季节性混合、浮游植物的吸收、降雨的输入等多种因素的综合影响.  相似文献