Simulation of CO2 and latent heat fluxes in the North China Plain     

Zhang Yongqiang  YU Qiang  LIU Changming  WANG Jing 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z1)

We constructed a coupled model for simulating plant photosynthesis and evapotranspiration (CPCEM). In the model, non-rectangular hyperbola is used to simulate leaf photosynthesis rate that is scaled up to estimate canopy gross photosynthesis rate by an integral method. Whole canopy in the model is separated into multi-layers, each of which is divided into sunlit leaves and shade leaves. Canopy net photosynthesis rate is expressed as a function of canopy conductance which is coupled with evapotranspiration. Included the coupled function,evapotranspiration is estimated with a two-layer submodel. The main features of CPCEM are: (1)easy suitability, (2) good physiological base, and (3) simple calculation procedure. Simulated results of CPCEM were compared with those by an eddy covariance system that was installed in a winter wheat farmland of the North China Plain. CPCEM gave a quite well diurnal and seasonal dynamics of net ecosystem exchange, compared with the measurements. The root mean square error between simulation and measurements was only about 2.94 μ mol m-2 s-1. Diurnal and seasonal patterns of latent heat flux with the CPCEM were similar to those of measurements.Whereas, simulated latent heat flux was evidently higher than the measured.  相似文献   

提高水样电导率观测质量的几种方法     

廖丽霞  廖春奇 《福建地震》2002,(1)

本文针对电导率测试中遇到的各种干扰因素 ,提供了大量的实验数据 ,进而指出电导率的正确测试方法  相似文献   

Impedance spectroscopy analysis on electrical properties of serpentine at high pressure and high temperature   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱茂旭  谢鸿森  郭捷  许祖鸣  白武明 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2001,44(4):336-345

The electrical conductivity of serpentine is measured and the microscopic conductance mechanisms are investigated with impedance spectroscopy at 2.5–4.0 GPa and 220–780°C. The results show that the electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on the frequencies used, and that only arc I, which reflects grain interior conductance, occurs and dominates the whole conductance processes over 12-10⁵Hz at high pressure before dehydration. The arc II, which indicates the grain boundary process, begins to occur at the initial stage of dehydration. After dehydration, due to the presence of highly conductive networks of free water, the electrical conductivity is not dependent on frequencies any longer and the total electrical conductivity is dominated by process of ionic conductance of free water in interconnected networks. Dehydration of serpentine enhances pronouncedly the total electrical conductivity, through which highly conductive layers (HCL) may be formed in the earth’s interior.  相似文献   

Aptian and Albian atmospheric CO2 changes during oceanic anoxic events: Evidence from fossil Ginkgo cuticles in Jilin Province,Northeast China     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

The Early Cretaceous was a time with super-greenhouse conditions and episodic global oceanic anoxic events. However, relative timing of atmospheric CO₂ emissions and oceanic anoxic events, and their causal relationships remain matters of debate. Using the stomatal index approach, well-preserved fossil cuticles of Ginkgo from the Lower Cretaceous Changcai Formation, eastern Jilin, and from the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation, central Jilin, Northeast China, were investigated to reconstruct atmospheric CO₂ concentrations during the Aptian and earliest Albian (Early Cretaceous). The results indicate that the CO₂ concentrations reached 1098–1142 ppmv (Carboniferous standardization) or 970–1305 ppmv (regression function) during the Aptian and earliest Albian. Our estimates of palaeoatmospheric CO₂ concentrations during the earliest Albian (OAE 1b) are slightly higher than the data between the early Aptian Selli (OAE 1a) and the middle Aptian Fallot OAEs; this may indicate the absence of any great emissions of CO₂ during the latest Aptian and earliest Albian.  相似文献   

中地壳温度压力条件下的水-岩作用化学动力学实验   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

张荣华  张雪彤  胡书敏  苏艳丰 《岩石学报》2007,23(11):2933-2942

为模拟中地壳条件下水.岩相互作用,本文作者重点做了大于300℃,在水的近临界区至超临界区条件下的硅酸盐矿物与水反应的化学动力学实验。矿物(钠长石(Ab)、透辉石(Di)、阳起石(Act))的溶解反应动力学实验是使用流体通过叠层反应器的开放体系在25℃～400℃和22MPa下完成的。实验发现矿物在300至400℃范围内,在跨越水临界点时出现反应速率的涨落。多金属氧化物硅酸盐与水反应时的各个元素溶解到溶液里的释放速率一般不一样。硅酸盐矿物的最大溶解反应速率多是在300℃,如,硅的最大释放速率是在300℃。其余元素如Na、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Al等释放速率在<300℃、22MPa时都高于硅的释放速率,在>300℃时硅的释放速率要高于其它元素的释放速率。我们还完成了玄武岩与水在25℃～400℃条件下的反应动力学实验。实验发现,硅的最大释放反应速率也多是在300℃。中地壳的流体处于由亚临界态进入超临界流体的演化过程,这时流体的性质会有剧烈变化。这一变化会引起水/岩相互作用的反应动力学涨落。流体性质的突变和水岩相互作用涨落会导致中地壳岩层的许多性质变化,硅酸盐矿物格架的解体,岩石被淋失,岩层的崩塌。  相似文献   

Gravitational drainage systems in urban areas: case study (Galaţi town, Romania)     

Fl. Zamfirescu  I. Popa  Al. Danchiv 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(6):887-896

The water leakage in the urban areas causes a continuous rise in the water table, with harmful effects. An experimental drainage system, based on horizontal well technology, was designed and implemented in a populated area. Groundwater flow modeling was used to assess the hydrodynamic efficiency of the system through drain conductance parameter estimation.  相似文献   

表皮环割对花花柴(Kareliniacaspica)水势及光合参数的短期影响     

唐钢梁  李向义  林丽莎  李磊  鲁建荣 《中国沙漠》2014,34(6):1527-1536

生长在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的植物在生长季常遭受虫害和放牧的影响,频繁的干扰在很大程度上限制了该地区植物的生存和生长.以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外围花花柴(Karelinia caspica)为试验材料,模拟干扰对于花花柴生理状况的短期影响,设置了对照(正常枝条)、中度环割(表皮环割50%)、重度环割(表皮环割100%),观测了环割后10 d内花花柴气孔导度、水势、光合色素、叶绿素荧光等在不同环割条件下的变化特征.结果显示:(1)除了类胡萝卜素(Car)含量外,中度环割对花花柴各项生理参数的影响不明显;(2)重度环割能够明显降低花花柴气孔导度、清晨水势和正午水势、叶绿素(Cal)含量和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量;(3)重度环割使得花花柴的光合原初反应遭到抑制,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)结构和功能遭到损害,活性降低,光合器官对光能的吸收、传递、转化和电子捕获等过程也遭到抑制,用于耗散的能量显著增多.整体来看,重度环割下的花花柴短期内各项生理参数均出现显著降低,而中度环割下花花柴各项生理参数短期内变化不大.当人为或者昆虫、野兔等对花花柴表皮产生机械损伤时,表皮部分损伤的植物也许可以通过自身修复,使得各项生理机能恢复正常,而表皮遭受重度破坏的植物会随着时间的推移趋向于死亡.在荒漠化防治过程中,我们应该尽量避免花花柴的表皮被全部剥蚀.  相似文献   

Canopy conductance in a two‐storey Siberian boreal larch forest,Russia          下载免费PDF全文

Bao‐Lin Xue  Zhanling Li  Xin‐An Yin  Tieliang Zhang  Shin'ichi Iida  Kyoichi Otsuki  Takeshi Ohta  Qinghua Guo 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1017-1026

A larch forest in eastern Siberia was characterized by the presence of two distinct storeys, the overstorey with a small leaf area index (LAI) and a dense understorey with a relatively large LAI. To understand the roles of the overstorey and understorey in forest–atmosphere water exchange, canopy conductance (G_c), a critical parameter used in determining the energy and mass exchange, was calculated on the basis of latent heat flux above the overstorey and understorey, measured separately. Results showed that G_c for the overstorey (G_co) and understorey (G_cu) experienced different seasonal fluctuations. G_co was smaller than G_cu during periods of leaf expansion and leaf fall and showed an increasing trend until 1 month after the onset of leaf expansion. In contrast, a sharp decrease in G_co was observed immediately before onset of leaf fall. Furthermore, G_co was slightly larger than G_cu during the fully foliated period. A simple model using solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit (D) as inputs successfully reproduced the G_c in fully foliated periods with acceptable accuracy. Furthermore, both the understorey and overstorey in this study have a large reference G_c (G_c at D = 1 KPa) than their counterparts of other boreal forests and would not be able to sustain a constant leaf–soil water potential difference as D increases. We speculated that this confers the forest with an advantage allowing it to be able to sustain carbon assimilation during large D days and thus provides for the survival of the ecosystem during the short growing season at this site. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩导电规律实验研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

宋延杰  唐晓敏  于宝 《地球物理学进展》2009,24(6):2186-2193

本文利用人工制作的不同含量分散泥质和层状泥质砂岩岩心样品,测量不同矿化度和不同含油饱和度的岩心电阻率,从实验角度研究了不同泥质分布形式和含量的岩心导电规律,结果表明,泥质分布形式或含量不同,则泥质砂岩导电规律不同.基于层状泥质与分散泥质砂岩的并联导电实验规律,以及分散粘土和地层水混合物的导电规律可用HB电阻率方程描述,建立了考虑泥质分布形式影响的泥质砂岩电阻率模型.通过1组不同泥质分布形式泥质砂岩人造岩心实验数据的测试,表明该模型可以描述分散泥质砂岩、层状泥质砂岩和混合泥质砂岩地层的导电规律.分散泥质,层状泥质,人造岩样,实验测量,并联导电,HB方程,电阻率模型  相似文献   

Network flow modeling via lattice-Boltzmann based channel conductance     

Yelena Sholokhova  Daesang KimW. Brent Lindquist 《Advances in water resources》2009

Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) computations of single phase, pore-to-pore conductance are compared to models in which such conductances are computed via standard pore body–channel–pore body series resistance (SR), with the conductance of each individual element (pore body, channel) based on geometric shape factor measurements. The LB computations, based upon actual channel geometry derived from X-ray computed tomographic imagery, reveal that the variation in conductance for channels having similar shape factor is much larger than is adequately captured by the geometric models. Fits to the dependence of median value of conductance versus shape factor from the LB-based computations show a power law dependence of higher power than that predicted by the geometric models. We introduce two network flow models based upon the LB conductance computations: one model is based upon LB computations for each pore-to-pore connection; the second is based upon a power law fit to the relationship between computed conductance and throat shape factor. Bulk absolute permeabilities for Fontainebleau sandstone images are computed using the SR-based network models and the two LB-based models. Both LB-based network models produce bulk absolute permeability values that fit published data more accurately than the SR-based models.  相似文献