2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震前热红外亮温异常分析     

解滔  郑晓东  康春丽  马未宇  卢军 《地震地质》2015,37(1)

2013年4月20日在四川省雅安市芦山县发生了MS7.0地震,造成196人遇难、23人失踪和上万人受伤的重大灾难。为了分析芦山地震前可能与地震有关的热红外亮温异常,收集了以震中为中心98°~108°E、25°~35°N范围内,2011年4月20日至2013年4月19日为期2年,由静止气象卫星FY-2E观测的地表亮温资料。应用连续小波变换方法计算了每一个像元的小波相对能谱,得到了分析区域内相对能谱的时、空演化过程。结果显示,从1月中旬起,在龙门山断裂带中段开始出现异常,随后异常沿着龙门山断裂逐渐向SW扩展;从3月上旬起,鲜水河断裂带也开始出现异常,之后异常聚集在龙门山断裂和鲜水河断裂的交会区域,在3月下旬异常区域和异常幅度达到最大。随着地震的临近,异常幅度和空间区域逐渐减小,直至4月19日异常还在持续中,地震发生在异常区域的东南边缘。因此认为,热红外异常可能与芦山地震是有关联的。  相似文献   

一种改进的公路边坡稳定性模糊评价方法研究     

阮航  张勇慧  朱泽奇  王进 《岩土力学》2015,36(11):3337-3344

考虑影响公路边坡稳定性信息的不完整性、随机性和模糊性,以最大熵原理和工程模糊集理论为基础,并采用综合赋权法确定指标权重,提出了一种改进的公路边坡稳定性模糊评价方法。该模型充分利用影响因素的信息,以广义加权距离表示待评价样本与标准样本的差异,从优化条件中获得相对隶属度,并依据加权平均原则对边坡样本等级进行识别。该模型应用于常吉和吉怀高速公路边坡稳定性评价中,将评价结果与模糊综合模型和属性识别模型的结果以及边坡实际情况进行对比验证,体现了其较好的一致性,并且结果更合理。同时,该模型具有较小的信息熵值,表明其评价的不确定性小,可靠性较高,是一种边坡稳定性评价分析新方法,可在相关工程领域中应用推广。  相似文献   

Long-Term and Short-Term Variations of Sea Level in Eastern Canada: A Review     

Karim Hilmi  Tad Murty  Mohammed I. El Sabh  Jean-Pierre Chanut 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(1-2):61-78

This is a review of sea level data performed at three selected stations (Québec-Lauzon, Harrington Harbour,and Halifax) in eastern Canada in order to investigate the seasonal trends and other long-term and short-term changes which occurred since the beginning of the 20th century. Stations situated in riverine or estuarine regions (e.g., Québec-Lauzon) are significantly affected by freshwater flow in their annual cycle of sea level changes and exhibit a definite maximum in spring and minimum in autumn-winter. Other stations situated in the eastern half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (e.g., Harrington Harbour) or near the open Atlantic coast (Halifax) mainly follow the general cycle of subarctic regions, with lows in spring-summer and highs in autumn-winter. Such seasonal variations appear to be related to the atmospheric pressure and baroclinic current variations. Secular trends in mean sea level in eastern Canadian waterbodies show a mean rise of about 2.56 mm/yr -1 due to tectonic motions, that is, land subsidence. At several stations in eastern Canada, evidence is found for the influence of the nodal tide (18.6 years), the sunspot cycle (10.8 years), the lunar perigee (8.47 years), the pole tide (14.5 months), the annual cycle (12 months), and semiannual tidal cycle (6 months) in sea level records. Beside long-term oscillations with periods of more than one year, evidence is found for high energetic semidiurnal and diurnal tides where they contribute largely (from 90-95%) to short term variability of sea level. In the residual signal (variations of sea level--tidal variations), short-term variations between 2 to 30 days can be attributed to meterological forcing (atmospheric pressure and winds), longitudinal seiches (2-10 h), atmospheric tides (12 h and 24 h) and inertial oscillations (16-18 h). A regressive model showed that the water discharge from the St. Lawrence River contributes 29% to the monthly residual sea level at Québec-Lauzon. The atmospheric pressure and winds contribute respectively 8.1% and 8.9% at this station. They contribute 52.1% and 7.7% at Harrington Harbour and 41.8% and 14.3% at Halifax. The regression coefficients of residual sea level on atmospheric pressure are respectively estimated to be -1.507 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ( - 0.345 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ), -0.776 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ( - 0.112 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ) and -0.825 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ( - 0.008 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ) at the three stations. Compared to the coefficient of the inverted barometer, estimated to be -1 cm. ( hPa ) -1 , these effects of the atmospheric pressure on sea level variations seem to be amplified at Que´bec-Lauzon by the wind effects (and water discharge) while they are reduced at Harrington Harbour and Halifax.  相似文献   

Effect of Salinity and Currents on Sea Level Variation Along the Indian Coast: A Numerical Study     

A. D. Rao  S. V. Babu  S. K. Dube 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(1-2):145-158

The process of upwelling/sinking and associated sea level variations are seen as a response of coastal ocean to pure wind stress forcing. Further,precipitation and monsoonal floods, apart from the marine meteorological parameters, are expected to influence the sea level fluctuations along the coast. This study comprises determining the sea level from the various parameters together with the pure wind stress forcing, which is compared with the observed cycle. However, it is found that there is considerable difference between the computations and observations. This suggests that the sea level is dependent not just on the local forcing alone, but also on the induced background circulation as well. For example, the sea level changes along the east coast of India, particularly the northern region, are more sensitive to freshwater discharge from various rivers joining the Bay of Bengal. This is due to more frequently occurring pre- and postmonsoon cyclonic storms and the associated surges in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea. Hence the salinity effects are particularly important in the coastal waters off the east coast of India during monsoon months (June-September). For the west coast of India, however, it is expected that the large-scale coastal circulation may play a role in determining sea level changes in addition to other forcings. The salinity effects are negligible along the west coast in the absence of any major river systems that join the Arabian Sea. The local advection currents caused by the offshore directed freshwater discharge from various estuaries joining the coastal bay also seemed to influence the sea level. In order to elucidate the essential dynamics involved and to study the effect of the remote forcing, a three-dimensional baroclinic, nonlinear numerical model is used with appropriate open boundary conditions. The local effect of the current has been incorporated in the west coast model by means of opening a channel at Cochin through which the rainwater is carried away to the model ocean. The low saline plume, cascading from north along the east cost of India, has been incorporated in the east coast model through a proper forcing applied at the northern boundary of the model. With the inclusion of these remote forcings in the models, the disagreement between the simulations and the observations is minimized.  相似文献   

Ecosystem considerations of the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):413-421

The annual winter sardine run along the South African east coast impacts the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastal system in a variety of ways. These include ecological impacts, such as enrichment of a largely oligotrophic environment, competition between migrant sardine Sardinops sagax, other migrant and resident small pelagic fish species, and interactions with predators, as well as the socio-economic impacts of the sardine run on the local people. Enrichment of KZN coastal waters with organic nitrogen contained within the sardine is compared with alternative sources of nitrogen such as upwelling, river, sewage and stormwater runoff, and groundwater discharge. The sardine run appears to contribute most nitrogen to this system—96 000 t compared to 500–3 300 t for each of the other significant sources at trophic level 2, although upwelling estimates are extremely wide. Nonetheless, the majority of surviving sardine, their young and predators return southwards, suggesting that the nett export of nitrogen to KZN waters during the run is likely to be of a similar order of magnitude as that from other sources. Further, whereas the sardine supply of nitrogen is exclusively during winter, the bulk of the riverine input is in summer, thus ensuring that nitrogen supply in the region is maintained at fairly constant levels throughout the year. Competition for food between small pelagic fish is minimised by resource partitioning, but further dietary data are needed for resident species. Although interactions between sardine and top predators must exist, further studies are needed to confirm links between top predator life cycles and the sardine run. The estimated value of sardine as a tourist spectacle is compared to that from a seasonal beach-seine or boat-based purse-seine fishery for this species. Whereas the estimated value of the sardine as a tourist attraction appears substantially higher than could be derived from catching them, the small-scale beach-seine fishery itself draws tourists and also provides limited, seasonal employment opportunities.  相似文献   

GPS/GLONASS组合静态相位相对定位算法     

段举举  沈云中 《测绘学报》2012,41(6):825-830

论文介绍了GPS/GLONASS组合静态相位相对定位模型,将GLONASS双差观测方程的模糊度参数表示成参考卫星的单差模糊度和双差模糊度参数;用误差分析法证明了单差模糊度按实参数估计不影响基线解算精度,而GLONASS双差模糊度必须按整参数进行解算;用Helmert方差分量估计确定GPS和GLONASS观测值的合理权比。实际观测数据处理结果表明：GPS/GLONASS组合定位较单一系统解算的基线精度均有提高,尤其比GLONASS单系统的解算精度有显著提高,比GPS单系统的精度也有适当提高,其中单历元基线解算精度约提高了10%,当单一系统的可用卫星数少于4颗时,GPS/GLONASS组合定位更具有应用价值。  相似文献   

FG5／240绝对重力仪成套设备的检定测量分析     

纪立东  张宏伟  王应建  肖凡  李建国 《北京测绘》2012,(3):14-18

详细介绍了FG5/240绝对重力仪的技术特点、测量原理和白家疃的试验观测,并就相配套的用于测量梯度的2台CG5相对重力仪(442、444)的检定项目和结果进行说明和分析,结果表明:2台CG5相对重力仪完全满足规范要求,FG5/240绝对重力仪的试验测量结果的标准偏差优于±2.0×10-8 ms-2,能够用于陆态网络工程任务中部分基准站的绝对重力测量。  相似文献   

影响相对重力测量精度因素的探讨     

肖凡  张宏伟  王应建 《测绘信息与工程》2012,37(2):38-40,44

对影响相对重力测量精度的因素进行了分析,给出了相应的消除方法、计算公式和影响量级,并对重力垂直梯度对相对重力测量精度的影响进行了重点讨论。  相似文献   

抵偿坐标系投影变形检核方法与误差分析     

张映潇  姜东方  谭龙 《北京测绘》2012,(4):46-48,59

以检核积石峡百万亩土地开发整理项目中的GPS平面控制E级网为例,介绍实测平距的方法与观测过程中的误差影响,并以实测平距为最或是值检核抵偿坐标系坐标反算平距相对精度是否满足不大于1/40000的精度要求。  相似文献   

海岛礁相对重力测量的潮汐影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张宏伟  张松堂  肖凡  刘子旭  刘立加 《测绘信息与工程》2012,37(1):43-45

着重分析固体潮模型、潮汐因子的选取和海洋负荷潮的求定,并利用ETGTAB模型数据详细计算了相对重力测量中的潮汐改正,说明在近海和岛屿地区进行高精度海岛礁相对重力测量时,必须考虑精确的固体潮和海洋负荷潮改正,从而提高相对重力测量的联测精度。  相似文献