Local variability of sedimentation rate in Lake Arendsee, Germany     

Burkhard W. Scharf  Bertram Boehrer  Conrad Kopsch 《Limnologica》2010,40(2):97-101

We measured the thickness and the dry weight of recently deposited sediment along several transects across Lake Arendsee in order to quantify the sedimentation rate and its local variability. As a time marker, we used an artificial marl layer that was deposited by a remediation program in the year 1995. A portion of the sediment deposited during the year was transported from the littoral and the top of the submerged hills to the foot of the slope, where we found the greatest deposition. Within the same lake, the deposited sediment layer varied by a factor of 4 between minimal and maximal values over the same time periods. Lake Arendsee is a holomictic and eutrophic lake with depletion of oxygen in summer time.  相似文献   

Two-dimensional density currents in a confined basin     

M. G. Wells  J. S. Wettlaufer 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3):199-218

We present new experimental results on the mechanisms through which steady two-dimensional density currents lead to the formation of a stratification in a closed basin. A motivation for this work is to test the underlying assumptions in a diffusive “filling box” model that describes the oceanic thermohaline circulation (Hughes, G.O. and Griffiths, R.W., A simple convective model of the global overturning circulation, including effects of entrainment into sinking regions, Ocean Modeling, 2005, submitted.). In particular, they hypothesized that a non-uniform upwelling velocity is due to weak along-slope entrainment in density currents associated with a large horizontal entrainment ratio of E _eq ?～?0.1. We experimentally measure the relationship between the along-slope entrainment ratio, E, of a density current to the horizontal entrainment ratio, E _eq, of an equivalent vertical plume. The along-slope entrainment ratios show the same quantitative decrease with slope as observed by Ellison and Turner (, 6, 423–448.), whereas the horizontal entrainment ratio E _eq appears to asymptote to a value of E eq?=?0.08 at low slopes. Using the measured values of E _eq we show that two-dimensional density currents drive circulations that are in good agreement with the two-dimensional filling box model of Baines and Turner (Baines, W.D. and Turner, J.S., Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in a confined region, J. Fluid. Mech., 1969, 37, 51–80.). We find that the vertical velocities of density fronts collapse onto their theoretical prediction that U =-2^?2/3 B ^1/3 E _eq ^2/3 (H/R) ζ, where U is the velocity, H the depth, B the buoyancy flux, R the basin width, E _eq the horizontal entrainment ratio and?ζ?= z/H the dimensionless depth. The density profiles are well fitted with?Δ?= 2^?1/3 B ^2/3 E _eq ^?2/3 H _-1 [ln(ζ )?+?τ ], where?τ?is the dimensionless time. Finally, we provide a simple example of a diffusive filling box model, where we show how the density stratification of the deep Caribbean waters (below 1850?m depth) can be described by a balance between a steady two-dimensional entraining density current and vertical diffusion in a triangular basin.  相似文献   

Environmental zonation across the Australian arid region based on long-term vegetation dynamics     

E.F. Lawley  M.M. LewisB. Ostendorf 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(6):576-585

Zonation of landscapes is generally based on broad scale biophysical data, field surveys, imagery and expert knowledge. Such zonation represents a static view of the environment and does not reflect dynamics and function. Arid environments are however often highly dynamic, and spatial and temporal patterns may be expressed over long periods of time. These dynamics need to be understood for management. Our aim is to understand the dynamics and functional response of vegetation in the Australian arid zone, and use this to inform and potentially improve the currently employed stratification. Principal component analysis of 25 years of satellite imagery identified underlying factors influencing patterns of arid vegetation growth, and regions of similar long-term response. Dominant factors of variation were identified as the spatial distribution of total vegetation growth, seasonality of growth, magnitude of seasonal variability in growth, and regularity of variation in growth. Additional variation resulted from episodic vegetation growth of limited spatial extent and duration. Classes expressing these functional components were compared with the existing biogeographical regions, revealing agreement in some instances, and in other cases adding information previously not available. The study demonstrates a new approach to Australian landscape zonation that has potential for much wider application.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation of microzooplankton (20–200 μm) and its possible implications on the vertical carbon flux in the western Bay of Bengal     

R. Jyothibabu  N.V. Madhu  P.A. Maheswaran  K.V. Jayalakshmy  K.K.C. Nair  C.T. Achuthankutty 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

Stratification (throughout the year) and low solar radiation (during monsoon periods) have caused low chlorophyll a and primary production (seasonal average 13–18 mg m⁻² and 242–265 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) in the western Bay of Bengal (BoB). The microzooplankton (MZP) community of BoB was numerically dominated by heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDS) followed by ciliates (CTS). The highest MZP abundance (average 665±226×10⁴ m⁻²), biomass (average 260±145 mg C m⁻²) and species diversity (Shannon weaver index 2.8±0.42 for CTS and 2.6±0.35 for HDS) have occurred during the spring intermonsoon (SIM). This might be due to high abundance of smaller phytoplankton in the western BoB during SIM as a consequence of intense stratification and nitrate limitation (nitracline at 60 m depth). The strong stratification during SIM was biologically evidenced by intense blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum and frequent Synechococcus–HDS associations. The high abundance of smaller phytoplankton favors microbial food webs where photosynthetic carbon is channeled to higher trophic levels through MZP. This causes less efficient transfer of primary organic carbon to higher trophic levels than through the traditional food web. The microbial food web dominant in the western BoB during SIM might be responsible for the lowest mesozooplankton biomass observed (average 223 mg C m⁻²). The long residence time of the organic carbon in the surface waters due to the active herbivorous pathways of the microbial food web could be a causative factor for the low vertical flux of biogenic carbon during SIM.  相似文献   

An information-fusion method to identify pattern of spatial heterogeneity for improving the accuracy of estimation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lianfa Li  Jinfeng Wang  Zhidong Cao  Ershun Zhong 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(6):689-704

While spatial autocorrelation is used in spatial sampling survey to improve the precision of the feature’s estimate of a certain population at area units, spatial heterogeneity as the stratification frame in survey also often have a considerable effect upon the precision. Under the context of increasingly enriched spatiotemporal data, this paper suggests an information-fusion method to identify pattern of spatial heterogeneity, which can be used as an informative stratification for improving the estimation accuracy. Data mining is major analysis components in our method: multivariate statistics, association analysis, decision tree and rough set are used in data filter, identification of contributing factors, and examination of relationship; classification and clustering are used to identify pattern of spatial heterogeneity using the auxiliary variables relevant to the goal and thus to stratify the samples. These methods are illustrated and examined in the case study of the cultivable land survey in Shandong Province in China. Different from many stratification schemes which just uses the goal variable to stratify which is too simplified, information from multiple sources can be fused to identify pattern of spatial heterogeneity, thus stratifying samples at geographical units as an informative polygon map, and thereby to increase the precision of estimates in sampling survey, as demonstrated in our case research.  相似文献   

Cross-shelf transport into nearshore waters due to shoaling internal tides in San Pedro Bay, CA     

Marlene Noble  Burt Jones  Peter Hamilton  Jingping Xu  George Robertson  Leslie Rosenfeld  John Largier   《Continental Shelf Research》2009,29(15):1768-1785

In the summer of 2001, a coastal ocean measurement program in the southeastern portion of San Pedro Bay, CA, was designed and carried out. One aim of the program was to determine the strength and effectiveness of local cross-shelf transport processes. A particular objective was to assess the ability of semidiurnal internal tidal currents to move suspended material a net distance across the shelf. Hence, a dense array of moorings was deployed across the shelf to monitor the transport patterns associated with fluctuations in currents, temperature and salinity. An associated hydrographic program periodically monitored synoptic changes in the spatial patterns of temperature, salinity, nutrients and bacteria. This set of measurements show that a series of energetic internal tides can, but do not always, transport subthermocline water, dissolved and suspended material from the middle of the shelf into the surfzone. Effective cross-shelf transport occurs only when (1) internal tides at the shelf break are strong and (2) subtidal currents flow strongly downcoast. The subtidal downcoast flow causes isotherms to tilt upward toward the coast, which allows energetic, nonlinear internal tidal currents to carry subthermocline waters into the surfzone. During these events, which may last for several days, the transported water remains in the surfzone until the internal tidal current pulses and/or the downcoast subtidal currents disappear. This nonlinear internal tide cross-shelf transport process was capable of carrying water and the associated suspended or dissolved material from the mid-shelf into the surfzone, but there were no observation of transport from the shelf break into the surfzone. Dissolved nutrients and suspended particulates (such as phytoplankton) transported from the mid-shelf into the nearshore region by nonlinear internal tides may contribute to nearshore algal blooms, including harmful algal blooms that occur off local beaches.  相似文献   

大气对流的阻尼模型     

王晓彬  苏炳凯 《气象科学》2000,20(4):461-468

本文建立了同时包含线性和非线性层结和阻尼作用的大气对流模型,研究表明：阻尼条件下,对流稳定决定于层结和阻尼参数拱同作用,线性阻尼条件下,线性层结参数的正负变化会引发鞍结分岔,阻尼作用有利于对流稳定,即使线性、非线性层结构不稳定时仍可出现稳定,阻尼作用会引发新的平衡态,出现极限环。  相似文献   

大气层结和天气尺度位温扰动对锋生的作用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吕克利 《大气科学》1991,15(5):82-89

文中利用半地转锋生模式考虑了三种不同大气层结廓线和两种不同水平温度对比的天气尺度位温扰动场的作用。计算结果表明,层结对锋生速度影响较小,对锋区垂直运动影响却很大;天气尺度位温扰动对锋生速度和锋区垂直运动都有相当大的影响。  相似文献   

太平洋大尺度环流数值模拟 I:数学模式及其性能   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张荣华  曾庆存  张学洪 《大气科学》1991,15(4):1-16

本工作基于曾庆存的海洋环流模式设计思想和大气物理研究所海洋环流模式(IAPOGCM)基本动力框架,设计并实现了四层太平洋环流模式;同时引进稳定有效的时间积分方案和海表热通量参数化方法,对太平洋大尺度环流进行了较为系统的数值模拟. 本文首先导出消除“刚盖”近似、扣除海洋标准层结、保持总有效能量守恒的OGCM基本方程组;给出空间差分格式和时间积分方案,引入海表热通量计算方法;然后,在太平洋区域对所设计的四层OGCM的一些模式性能进行了分析、表明,时间积分方案采用基于“灵活性系数”技术的加速收敛方法和适应过程中流场正压斜压进一步分解算法,同时采取一些技术处理,可确保模式稳定而有效地进行长时间数值积分、有效能量分析表明,与海面起伏相联系的有效表面位能是总有效能量的重要组成部分,它与动能同量级甚至更大些,因此在OGCM中须考虑有效表面位能与其它能量间的转换机制,这在物理上更加合理,而采用“刚盖”近似则是不合理的;同时,扣除海洋标准层结,缩小了位能与动能之间的量级差别,有利于长期数值积分的稳定进行.此外,这个模式能直接计算海面起伏和分析有效能量,使得表面流场和上层海洋热储率的模拟比已有文献的结果有明显的改进.除模式设计外,本部分只给出模式的基本性能,系统的模拟结果将在第Ⅱ,Ⅲ两部分发表.  相似文献   

Seasonal Variation of Stratification in the Gulf of Thailand     

Tetsuo Yanagi  Suhendar I Sachoemar  Toshiyuki Takao  Shunji Fujiwara 《Journal of Oceanography》2001,57(4):461-470

Intensive hydrographic observations were carried out in the western part of the Gulf of Thailand and the east coastal sea of Peninsular Malaysia in September 1995 and April–May 1996. The characteristics of seasonal variation of oceanic condition in that area are discussed basis of an analysis of observed water temperature, salinity and density distributions in these cruises and NAGA cruises (Yanagi and Takao, 1998a). Stratification is most developed in March–May mainly due to large sea surface heating and weak sea surface wind, which weakened until September–October, vanishing in December–January. The horizontal distribution of bottom cold, saline and heavy water masses, which are found during the stratified season, is governed by the tidal mixing and the water depth. Water exchange between the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea becomes large in March–May due to a coupled effect of the intensified estuarine circulation and the Ekman transport by the southwest monsoon. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献