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71.
A. M. F. Lagmay K. S. Rodolfo F. P. Siringan H. Uy C. Remotigue P. Zamora M. Lapus R. Rodolfo J. Ong 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,69(7):797-809
The 1991 Pinatubo eruption left 5–6 km3 of debris on the volcano slopes, much of which has been mobilized into large lahars in the following rainy seasons. Also
during the eruption, collapse, localized in part along preexisting faults, left a caldera 2.5 km in diameter that almost immediately
began to accumulate a 1.6 × 108 m3 lake. By 2001, the water had risen to the fault-controlled Maraunot Notch, the lowest, northwestern portion of the caldera
rim comprising the physiographic sill of the Caldera Lake. That year, a narrow artificial canal dug into an old volcanic breccia
underlying the outlet channel failed to induce a deliberate lake breakout, but discharge from heavy rains in July 2002 rapidly
deepened the notch by 23 m, releasing an estimated 6.5 × 107 m3 of lake water that bulked up into lahars with a volume well in excess of 1.6 × 108 m3. Lakes in other volcanoes have experienced multiple breakouts, providing practical motivation for this study. Fieldwork and
high-resolution digital elevation models reveal andesites and ancient lacustrine deposits, strongly fractured and deformed
along a segment of the Maraunot Fault, a prominent, steeply dipping, left-lateral fault zone that trends N35°–40°W within
and parallel to the notch. Seismicity in 1991 demonstrated that the Maraunot Fault is still active. The fault zone appears
to have previously been the erosional locus for a large channel, filled with avalanche or landslide deposits of an earlier
eruption that were exhumed by the 2002 breakout floods. The deformed lacustrine sediments, with an uncalibrated 14C age of 14,760 ± 40 year BP from a single charcoal sample, attest to the existence of an earlier lake, possibly within the
Tayawan Caldera, rim remnants of which survive as arcuate escarpments. That lake may well have experienced one or more ancient
breakouts as well. The 2002 event greatly reduced the possibility of another such event by scouring away the erodible breccia,
leaving less erodible fractured andesites and lacustrine rocks, and by enlarging the outlet channel and its discharge capacity.
Several lines of evidence indicate, however, that future lahar-generating lake breakouts at the notch may keep populations
of Botolan municipality downstream at risk: (1) a volume of 9.5 × 107 m3 of lake water remains perched 0.8 km above sea level; (2) seismicity in 1991 demonstrated that the Maraunot Fault is still
active and movements of sufficient magnitude could enlarge the outlet and the discharge through it; (3) more likely, however,
with or without earthquake activity, landslides from the steep to overhanging channel walls could block the channel again,
and a major rainstorm could then cause a rise in lake level and sudden breakouts; (4) intrusion of a new dome into the bottom
of the lake, possibly accompanied by phreatic explosions, could expel large volumes of lahar-generating water. 相似文献
72.
G. Toyos D. Oramas Dorta C. Oppenheimer M. T. Pareschi R. Sulpizio G. Zanchetta 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(10):1491-1502
Based on the debris flow events that occurred in May 1998 in the area of Sarno, Southern Italy, this paper presents an approach to simulate debris flow maximum run‐out. On the basis of the flow source areas and an average thickness of 1·2 m of the scarps, we estimated debris flow volumes of the order of 104 and 105 m3. Flow mobility ratios (ΔH/L) derived from the x, y, z coordinates of the lower‐most limit of the source areas (i.e. apex of the alluvial fan) and the distal limit of the flows ranged between 0·27 and 0·09. We performed regression analyses that showed a good correlation between the estimated flow volumes and mobility ratios. This paper presents a methodology for predicting maximum run‐out of future debris flow events, based on the developed empirical relationship. We implemented the equation that resulted from the calibration as a set of GIS macros written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and running within ArcGIS. We carried out sensitivity analyses and observed that hazard mapping with this methodology should attempt to delineate hazard zones with a minimum horizontal resolution of 0·4 km. The developed procedure enables the rapid delineation of debris flow maximum extent within reasonable levels of uncertainty, it incorporates sensitivities and it facilitates hazard assessments via graphic user interfaces and with modest computing resources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
73.
The time variation of the wind-induced flow in a homogeneous unbounded sea region has been analytically investigated. The time-dependent Ekman solution in a homogeneous, shallow open sea has been further extended by taking into account the time variation in water depth which might be caused by either tidal motion or change in the mixed layer thickness. The solution approach taken in this study is based on the Galerkin-eigenfunction method originally developed by Heaps [1972. On the numerical solution of three-dimensional hydrodynamical equations for tides and storm surges. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege Serie 6(2), 143–180]. A series of calculations have been made with emphasis on the influence of the time variation in water depth upon the build-up of Ekman spirals in the presence of oscillatory variations in water depth. It has been found that two oscillations contribute to the wind drift current, the inertial oscillation and the depth-variation-induced oscillation; the inertial oscillation decays with time, but the depth-variation-induced oscillation remains undamped despite the presence of bottom friction. The presence of time-harmonic variation produces peculiar forms of hodograph with a curled or circular pattern according to the angular frequency of the water depth variation. 相似文献
74.
In this paper an intervening opportunities model with spatial dominance is developed. The usual assumption in spatial theory
is that decision makers are influenced not just by the size of a destination or distance but by these two factors in combination, that is, spatial dominance. Decision-makers will have more knowledge about, and clearly perceive destinations that exert
the greatest amount of spatial dominance on their origins, just as they would primate cities. Thus destinations are ranked
in terms of the spatial dominance calculated for each destination. Empirical verification of the model utilizes state-to-state
migration flow data for the US. Calibration results compare favourably with the traditional intervening opportunities model
and the production constrained gravity model.
Received: 7 October 1999/Accepted: 15 June 2000 相似文献
75.
Issues pertaining to a mechanism whereby long internal waves in shallow seas may give rise to enhanced rates of resuspension of sedimentary material are addressed. The proposed mechanism is intimately related to the creation of conditions in the bottom boundary layer which are favorable for flow separation and spontaneous onset of global instability. It is shown that long waves generated by topographic resonance and propagating upstream against the oncoming current, especially a sheared current, have a strong tendency to release a coherent, pulsating dynamics in their footprint. The passage-through-resonance problem for a sheared, stratified flow is considered, conditions for topographic resonance in the flow model are defined, and preliminary results for the unsteady dynamics in the boundary layer under the footprint of a long wave packet are presented. 相似文献
76.
Results of laboratory and numerical experiments on both homogeneous and density-stratified flow over single, bluff obstacles of various shapes are presented. The obstacle height is in most cases of the same order as the base diameter and the major controlling (flow) parameter is the Froude number, defined here as Fh=U/Nh, where U is the (uniform) upstream velocity, h the obstacle height and N is the buoyancy frequency. Attention is concentrated, firstly, on the case of homogeneous flows over rather weakly tapered obstacles and, secondly, for bodies whose height is similar to their base width, on the case Fh=0.1, representing stratification sufficiently strong that lee-wave motions do not play a significant role in the flow dynamics. For right-circular cones it is shown that the sectional contributions to the total fluctuating side force (lift) show significant phase variations up the height of the obstacle, which are not always reflected in the developed vortex street further downstream. For some obstacle shapes, the vortex lines linking the von Karman eddies at different heights can be significantly tilted, particularly in the upper part of the wake. Vortex convection speeds do not appear generally to vary greatly with height and, as found in previous work, the shedding frequency remains constant with height, despite the strong variation of cross-stream obstacle width. By comparison with the homogeneous results, it is suggested that the stratification enhances the shedding instability, which would otherwise be very weak for squat obstacles, but does not annihilate the ability of the flow at one level to influence that at another. 相似文献
77.
关于南国冰臼群成因的商榷之二 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
南国冰臼群分布区大量冰川堆积、冰川条痕石及变形砾石的发现,再次有力地证明是“冰臼”不是“壶穴”的正确结论,由冰川漂砾经融冻作用形成的“石海”,与化学风化作用产生的花岗岩“石蛋”地貌特征,有天渊之别,不应混为一谈;边滩是由河流冲积物组成,不能与基岩冰床相提并论;圆滚水钻与急流旋涡及风蚀作用,形成的动力学性质、方向和方式完全不同,不该阴错阳差;节理、构造只影响冰臼的形态和发育程度,不是控制形成的动力学性质、方向和方式完全不同,不该阴错阳差;节理、构造只影响冰臼的形态和发育程度,不是控制冰臼的发育部位,不致于是非不辨,南国地区古冰川遗迹的大量发现,证明距今约二三百万年的第四纪早期确实曾发生过大规模的古冰川运动,为争论了半个多世纪的中国东部中低山区有无第四纪冰川问题,从此画上一个圆满的句号。 相似文献
78.
Andreas MALCHEREK Research Engineer Federal Waterways Engineering Research Institute 《国际泥沙研究》2001,16(2)
1 INTRODUCTIONThe numerical simulation of morphological changes in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas is because ofits econondcal merit an outstanding scientific task. The comPlexity of the problem is connected with theheterogeneity of the sediment material, an adequate rePresentation of the involved hydrOdynndc stressesand the large comPutational effort fOr long term simulations.Although the aPpllcation of three dimensional models tO engineering problems is increasing and wellvalldate… 相似文献
79.
A. D. Shukla N. Bhandari Sheela Kusumgar P. N. Shukla Z. G. Ghevariya K. Gopalan V. Balaram 《Journal of Earth System Science》2001,110(2):111-132
Chemical analysis of nine Deccan flow basalts at Anjar, Kutch, western India, indicates that all, except the uppermost flow
F-9, are alkaline. In their major and trace element composition, the alkali basalts resemble Ocean island basalts (OIB). Similarities
of many diagnostic trace element ratios (e.g. Sm/Nd, Ba/Nb,Y/Nb and Zr/Nb) are similar to those found in the Réunion Island
basalts. The uppermost basalt is tholeiitic and chemically resembles the least contaminated Deccan basalt (Ambenali type).
The Anjar basalts have iridium concentration ranging between 2 and 178 pg/g. Some of these values are higher by about an order
of magnitude compared to the Ir concentration in other basalts of the Deccan. A synthesis of chemical, palaeomagnetic and
geochronologic data enables us to construct a chemical and magnetic stratigraphy for these flows.
The three flows below the iridium enriched intertrappean bed (IT III) show normal magnetic polarity whereas all except one
of the upper basalts show reversed magnetic polarity. The sequence seems to have started in polarity zones 31N and probably
continued up to 28R or 27R. The results presented here support the view that Deccan volcanism in Kutch occurred on a time
span of a few million years. 相似文献
80.
In situ formation of welded tuff-like textures in the carapace of a voluminous silicic lava flow,Owyhee County,SW Idaho 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
C. R. Manley 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,57(8):672-686
The Badlands rhyolite, on the Owyhee Plateau of southwestern Idaho, can be demonstrated to be a large lava flow on the basis
of its geometry of large and small flow lobes, its well-exposed near-vent features, and its response to pre-existing topography.
However, samples of the dense upper vitrophyre of the unit reveal a range of annealed fragmental textures, including material which closely resembles the
compressed, welded glass shards which are characteristic of ignimbrites. Formation of these tuff-like textures involved processes
probably common to emplacement of most silicic lava flow units. Decompression upon extrusion causes inflation of pumice at
the surface of the lava flow; some of this pumice is subsequently comminuted, producing loose bubble-wall shards, bits of
pumice, chips of dense glass, and fragments of phenocrysts. This debris sifts down around loose blocks and into open fractures
deeper in the flow, where it can be reheated, compressed, and annealed to varying degrees. The end result is a dense vitrophyre
layer (beneath the true upper, non-welded carapace breccia) which can be extremely texturally heterogeneous, with areas of
flow-foliated lava occurring very near lava which in many aspects looks like welded ignimbrite, complete with flattened pumices.
Identical textures in other silicic units have been cited by previous workers as evidence that those units erupted as pyroclastic
flows which then underwent sufficient rheomorphism to create a flow-foliated rock which otherwise appears to be lava. The
textures described herein indicate that lava flows can come to mimic rheomorphic ignimbrites, at least at scales ranging from
thin sections to outcrops. Voluminous silicic units with scattered fragmental textures, but with otherwise lava-like features,
are probably true effusive lava flows.
Received: January 30, 1995 / Accepted: January 22, 1996 相似文献