Two Brazilian archaeological sites investigated by GPR: Serrano and Morro Grande     

Glria da Silva Cezar  Paula Lucia Ferrucio da Rocha  Angela Buarque  Ariovaldo da Costa 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2001,47(3-4)

The application of the ground penetrating radar (GPR) at two archaeological sites, Serrano and Morro Grande, situated in Araruama County, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aids the study of a prehistoric indigenous culture, associated with the “Tupinambá” that inhabited the region during prehistoric times.The archaeological remains of the study area are mainly characterized by pottery artifacts for several uses, including funerary urns, which were buried within layers of sand and clay. Several profiles were acquired using a RAMAC system, with a 200 and 400 MHz frequency antennae. At the Serrano site, the profiles were acquired around some partially exposed pottery shards, due to sand exploitation. The resultant profiles provided a response model to guide the interpretation of new profiles acquired at other sites in the area, which present similar characteristics.The results showed the great importance of the dielectric permittivity contrast which exists between the targets and the host media, in order for possibly significant features to be identified in radar data.  相似文献   

Broadband synthetic aperture borehole radar interferometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

I. Mason  N. Osman  Q. Liu  C. Simmat  M. Li 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2001,47(3-4)

Trials in mines have established that wideband VHF borehole radars (BHR), working in the 10–100-MHz band, can be used to probe the rockmass between boreholes over ranges from <5 m to as much as 150 m with submeter resolution. There is evidence that ore bodies reflect these radar signals both specularly and diffusely, much as the ground/air interface does when overflown by synthetic aperture radar (SAR). In both SAR and BHR, multiple flight lines, together with diffuse reflections admit the possibility of developing interferometric 3D images of the object. This paper examines the possibility of imaging buried objects in three dimensions by interferometrically combining broadband VHF borehole radar profiles shot in adjacent pairs of boreholes. Broadbanding in BHR has the advantage of releasing the image from 2nπ phase ambiguities, but practically, interferometric borehole radar (InBHR) needs high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) to avoid noise capture. This means that 3D InBHR is limited to ranges in wavelengths which are less than the rock's attenuation factor Q. Interferometric methods are developed which are capable of mapping ore bodies and other structures in three dimensions. Tangent plane migration methods are developed here in order to reconstruct surfaces that lie in the near-field of sparse interferometric arrays.  相似文献   

Quantitative description of electron precipitation during auroral absorption events in the morning/noon local-time sector     

S. Kirkwood  A. Osepian  N. Smirnova 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2001,63(18):1907

Flux-energy spectra of precipitating electrons are derived from electron density profiles measured by the EISCAT radar during auroral absorption events in the morning/noon local-time sector. The inversion technique uses effective recombination coefficient profiles computed on the basis of a previously validated theoretical model of the lower ionosphere. It is shown that flux-energy spectra for the energy range 30–200 keV are in reasonable agreement with those derived for the same events using trapped flux-energy spectra from geosynchronous satellite data and a model for diffusion of trapped electrons into the loss cone by scattering on whistler waves. During individual events, strongly varying precipitating fluxes are found to be due primarily to varying pitch-angle diffusion.  相似文献   

Carbonate-hosted siliceous crust type mineralization of Carnic Alps (Italy-Austria)     

Luciano Brigo  Gianfranco Camana  Franco Rodeghiero  Roberto Potenza   《Ore Geology Reviews》2001,17(4)

A carbonate-hosted stratabound siliceous crust type (SCT) mineralization (base metal sulphides, barite, fluorite) occurs over large areas of Carnic Alps and Karawanken in the Eastern Alps. It concerns a pervasively silicified lithological unit, up to some tens of metres thick, which caps the unconformity landscapes developed on epicontinental Devonian–Dinantian carbonates. The SCT mineralization is directly overlaid by different transgressive siliciclastic sediments, which range from Lower Carboniferous to Lower Permian. The presence of fragments of the SCT mineralization in the transgressive siliciclastic sediment bounds its whole lithological evolution within a short stratigraphic interval of Lower Carboniferous age. Selected features of the regional and lithostratigraphic setting are discussed. The chemical characterisation is based on the statistical evaluation of compositional data of 581 selected samples. Three significant groups of elements have been distinguished: (1) the hydrological and metasomatically active elements (Si, Ba, F), which show a strong negative correlation amongst themselves and characterise the silica-saturated aqueous solutions; (2) the terrigenous elements (Al₂O₃, K₂O, Fe_tot, TiO₂, B, Be, Ce, La, Nb, V, Y, Zr), which suggest a continental margin environment for silica deposition; (3) the sulphide metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Sb, As, Hg, Cd), which define the metalliferous signature of the SCT mineralization.Some consistent, but still debatable genetic aspects of the SCT mineralization are as follow: (1) silica may be supplied by illitization of clay-rich basinal sediments during their diagenesis. δ¹⁸O of microcrystalline quartz ranges from +18.5‰ and +24.6‰ and is very similar to δ¹⁸O of authigenic quartz deriving from diagenetic processes of illitization of clay-rich basinal sequences. (2) The diagenetic evolution of these sediments may trigger off the movement of silica-rich marine pore waters. δ³⁴S of barite ranges from +15.5‰ to +19.3‰ with an average of +17.7‰ and are in good agreement with δ³⁴S of sulphate in ocean waters of Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous age. (3) A convective hydrological system, connected with sinsedimentary transtensive tectonics, active in the Carnic Alps since the Frasnian, may be the transport mechanism of aqueous solutions. (4) A weak drop in pH in the dominant carbonate environment represents the conditions for silica precipitation.SCT mineralization, showing persistent, independent and distinct characters, occurs over large areas also in other sites of the Alpine belt and outside Italy and Austria. Therefore, it points to important markers for some sedimentary sequences as well as to a worldwide significant cyclic metallogenic event. It represents a new ore deposit-type within the carbonate-hosted mineralization.  相似文献   

Research on Practicability and Feasibility for a New-Type Tuned Mass Damper System-TMD     

Zhang Yaoting Lei Ping''''an Liu Zaihua Lin Ning Department of Civil Engineering  Huazhong University of Science  Technology  Wuhan 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2001,12(4)

lNTRODUCTIONThe theories and applications of structural contr()l tlcveloped rapidly in the last 20 years. As one of the additiona1 I)asslve control technologY' TMD is used in practice and can suppress the vibration caused by wind or machinery shake (Ayorinde and Warburton, 1980; Den Hartog, l956 ). The TMDsystem has been used in the industrial and civil buildlngs t() rc-duce structural vibration in some European and American ()o[lntries (Ayorinde and Warburton, l980; Warburton. ] f)…  相似文献   

Partitioning of heavy metals on soil samples from column tests   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

R. N. Yong  W. Z. W. Yaacob  S. P. Bentley  C. Harris  B. K. Tan   《Engineering Geology》2001,60(1-4):307-322

In this study, column tests were used to determine the retention capability of three types of estuarine alluvia collected adjacent to landfill sites in South Wales. Selective sequential extraction (SSE) was used to study the retention mechanisms of heavy metals in the soil columns obtained from leaching experiments. Acid digestion was later used to check the validity of the SSE results. Breakthrough curves show good retention of heavy metal ions (Pb, Cu, and Zn) by all soils, where almost 99% of heavy metals were retained with the C_e/C_o values in the order of 10⁻³. The retention strength of these soils was observed to be constant up to five pore volumes (PV). This corresponds with the pH of the effluents and pore water of soil slices, which also show good buffering capacity against very acidic leachate up to 5PV. The heavy metal extraction profiles from SSE show very similar trends with the retention profiles from the leaching experiments, where heavy metals were retained mainly at the top part where the leachate entered the column. SSE indicates qualitatively that heavy metals precipitated with carbonates and amorphous materials (oxides/hydroxides) are higher than heavy metal retention via exchangeable mechanisms. The mass balance calculation gives range of deviation of 1–16% of the total soil extraction. The distribution of the heavy metals with various soil constituents are ranked in the following order: Carbonates>Amorphous oxides hydroxides>Organic matter>Exchangeable phases.  相似文献   

Application of short-wave infrared spectroscopy to define alteration zones associated with the Elura zinc–lead–silver deposit, NSW, Australia     

Yanyan Sun  Philip K. Seccombe  Kai Yang   《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,73(1):63

Short-wave infrared reflectance spectra obtained from a Portable Infrared Mineral Analyser (PIMA) have been used to define alteration zones adjacent to base metal sulfide ore bodies at the Elura Mine, Cobar, Australia. The spectroscopic work identified white mica (sericite), chlorite and carbonates of hydrothermal origin in the alteration zones associated with the ore bodies. Weathering, alteration and ore zones can be discriminated by variations in the intensity and wavelength of relevant absorption features. Hydrothermal alteration is classified into four principal types, namely sericitic, silicic, chloritic and carbonate alteration. The first three types comprise overprinting hydrothermal assemblages of quartz, sericite, chlorite, ankerite, siderite, calcite and sulfides developed in strongly altered metasiltstone and slate of Early Devonian age, adjacent to the zinc–lead–silver mineralisation. An extensive zone of carbonate alteration, manifested as porphyroblasts of siderite in the host metasediments, is recognised beyond the zones of strong alteration. Spectral analysis is consistent with the mineralogical data obtained from XRD and XRF analyses and defines the limits of the alteration zones to distances of about 80 m around the ore bodies. The study demonstrates the potential for spectral analysis to assist with drill hole logging and the identification of alteration zones as part of mineral exploration and development programs.  相似文献   

Element budgets of pine stands on lignite and pyrite containing mine soils     

Martin Gast  Wolfgang Schaaf  Joerg Scherzer  Rudolf Wilden  Bernd U. Schneider  Reinhard F. Hüttl 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,73(2):196

To analyze the development of pine ecosystems on lignite and pyrite containing mine soils, four pine stands with ages of 3–35 years were investigated in a chronosequence approach. Bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution in depths of 20, 40, 70 and 100 cm were studied over a three-year period to determine element fluxes in these forest ecosystems on extreme acidic and saline soils.Element budgets are controlled by the processes induced by pyrite oxidation such as intensive weathering of primary minerals, precipitation and leaching of secondary phases.Despite low water fluxes, element outputs can reach extraordinary high values due to very high concentrations in the soil solution. Although element outputs decrease drastically with stand age, respectively, site age, they exceed those of comparable pine stands on non-mine sites. Nitrogen release from the lignite fraction represents a special characteristic of the examined substrates. Nitrogen losses beneath the rooted zone can be 34 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 100 cm depth. Element input and output in the examined ecosystems are far from balance. Closed cycling of nutrients seems to be recognizable in the case of potassium.  相似文献   

碳酸酐酶对碳酸盐岩溶解的催化作用及其在大气CO2沉降中的意义   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21       下载免费PDF全文

刘再华 《地球学报》2001,22(5):477-480

CO2向H^ 和HCO3^－的转换是一相对慢速过程。因此，其动力学可能决定碳酸盐岩的溶解速率。在灰岩和白云岩的溶解实验中，使用了自然界普遍存在的碳酸酐酶（CA）来催化这一CO2转换反应，结果发现，对灰岩而言，加入CA后，其溶解速率在高CO2分层时可增加10倍，而对白云岩，其溶解速率增加主要在低CO2分压时，可达3倍左右。这一发现表明，化学风化（包括碳酸盐岩溶解和硅酸盐风化）作用在大气CO2沉降和全球碳循环里的所谓丢失的汇中的重要性需要重新评价。毫无疑问，已往的研究由于未认识到CA在风化中的催化作用，因此低估了风化作用的速率，同时也低估了风化作用对大气CO2沉降的贡献。另一方面，也表明了研究自然界不同水体中CA分布及其活度和CA在自然界风化作用中的作用的必要性。  相似文献   

中国西部汛期降水的时空演变分析     

朱姝  周亚军  蔡忠兰  卢俊山 《干旱气象》1996,(3)

用中国西部１０省区（１１０°Ｅ以西）１３０个站的月降水资料，分析夏半年４—１０月的月降水相对系数、月际和年际标准差变化特征。结果表明，各地区受不同降水体系影响，降水在时空上的差异很大。天山北部主要受西风带降水体系影响，月际降水差异不大；西北地区受西太平洋副热带高压雨带影响，降水具有西进北抬尔后东退南辙的特征；高原季风雨带对四川西部、云南和西藏有明显影响，雨季从东南向西北开始，而结束与此相反。月际和年际标准差表明，在以南疆盆地为主的东北—西南一带地区的标准差为高值区，而该地区以东和以北地区的标准差呈逐渐减小趋势  相似文献