Determination of the interstitial velocity field in the swash zone by Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV)     

Mustapha Kamel Mihoubi  Michel Bélorgey  Ahmed Kettab 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2012,344(5):312-318

The experimental study of the hydrodynamics of the sediments and the physical analysis of the process of exchange at the water-sediment interface in a zone of swash are essential for the understanding of the sedimentary transport processes in coastal environments, in particular to control and forecast the evolution of the coastline. The objective of this study was to exploit the technique of Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) to examine the evolution of the velocity field at the water-sediment interface in a zone of swash in various conditions of incidental regular waves in a wave flume. The velocities were measured in different conditions of the swash within the sediment bed, and in the fluid vein at the swash edge. These measurements show: an exponential distribution of velocities inside the sediment bed; a difference in the velocity gradient at the water-sediment interface, between the velocity in the water vein at the swash edge and the interstitial flow in the swash. The measurements obtained in the wave flume made it possible to observe an evolution of the velocity profiles according to the phases of the swash, which are characterized by a phase shift between the free flow at the swash edge and the interstitial flow during the two phases of the swash: uprush and backwash.  相似文献   

涪陵地区井下页岩岩芯裂缝体密度与声学性质关系实验研究          下载免费PDF全文

伍宇明  兰恒星  高星  王伟  陈俊辉  郝召兵 《地球物理学报》2016,59(10):3891-3900

本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性.  相似文献   

常温压条件下六种变质程度煤的超声弹性特征   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王赟  许小凯  张玉贵 《地球物理学报》2016,59(7):2726-2738

煤弹性是反映煤的物质组分和结构的重要力学特征之一.在钻孔与测井的约束下,运用地震勘探获取煤层的弹性特征以反映其物性等,对于煤炭井工开采和煤层气储层评价及开发具有重要的工程意义,而其中,煤样的超声实验是实现地震反演煤层物性的基础.鉴于此,本文针对中国义马、阜康、淮南、平顶山、鹤壁和焦作6个矿区采集的6种不同变质程度的原煤样30块,在常温常压条件下分别进行了沿煤层走向、倾向及垂直层理三个方向煤样的实验室超声波测量.测试结果显示:煤样纵横波速度在走向、倾向、垂向三个方向上依次减小,存在各向异性,且P波速度的平均各向异性强于S波;品质因子与弹性模量在三个方向上也存在较大差异,且S波的品质因子大于P波的品质因子;弹性模量除泊松比外,均小于一般的沉积岩.通过本实验与分析进一步证明了:Gardener与Castagna公式不适用于中国煤田的煤岩弹性描述,并给出了精度更高的经验公式.  相似文献   

Airflow and aeolian sediment transport patterns within a coastal trough blowout during lateral wind conditions   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

Thomas Andrew George Smyth  Derek Jackson  Andrew Cooper 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(14):1847-1854

Blowouts are depressions that occur on coastal dunes, deserts and grasslands. The absence of vegetation in blowouts permits high speed winds to entrain and remove sediment. Whereas much research has examined patterns of wind flow and sediment transport on the stoss slopes and lee of sand dunes, no study has yet investigated the connections between secondary air‐flow structures and sediment transport in a blowout where zones of streamline compression, expansion and steering are less clearly delineated. In this study we investigated the variability of sediment flux and its relation to near‐surface wind speed and turbulence within a trough blowout during wind flow that was oblique to the axis of the blowout. Wind flow was measured using six, three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonic anemometers while sediment flux by eight sand traps, all operating at 25 Hz. Results demonstrated that sediment flux rates were highly variable throughout the blowout deflation basin, even over short distances (< 0.5 m). Where flow was steadiest, flux was greatest. Consequently the highest rates of sediment transport were recorded on the erosional wall crest where flow was compressed and accelerated. The strength of correlation between sediment flux and wind parameter improved with an increase in averaging interval, from 10 seconds to 1 minute. At an interval of 10 seconds, however, wind speed correlated best with flux at seven of eight traps, whereas at an interval of one minute Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) provided the best correlation with flux at six of the eight traps. Correlation between sediment flux and wind parameters was best in the centre of the blowout and poorest on the erosional wall crest. The evidence from this paper suggests, for the first time, that TKE may be a better predictor of sediment transport at minute scale averaging intervals, particularly over landforms where wind flow is highly turbulent. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Poroelastic finite-difference modeling for ultrasonic waves in digital porous cores          下载免费PDF全文

Li-Yun Fu  Yan Zhang  Zhenglin Pei  Wei Wei  Luxin Zhang 《地震科学（英文版）》2014,27(3):285-299

Scattering attenuation in short wavelengths has long been interesting to geophysicists. Ultrasonic coda waves, observed as the tail portion of ultrasonic wavetrains in laboratory ultrasonic measurements, are important for such studies where ultrasonic waves interact with small-scale random heterogeneities on a scale of micrometers, but often ignored as noises because of the contamination of boundary reflections from the side ends of a sample core. Numerical simulations with accurate absorbing boundary can provide insight into the effect of boundary reflections on coda waves in laboratory experiments. The simulation of wave propagation in digital and heterogeneous porous cores really challenges numerical techniques by digital image of poroelastic properties, numerical dispersion at high frequency and strong heterogeneity, and accurate absorbing boundary schemes at grazing incidence. To overcome these difficulties, we present a staggered-grid high-order finite-difference (FD) method of Biot’s poroelastic equations, with an arbitrary even-order (2L) accuracy to simulate ultrasonic wave propagation in digital porous cores with strong heterogeneity. An unsplit convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) absorbing boundary, which improves conventional PML methods at grazing incidence with less memory and better computational efficiency, is employed in the simulation to investigate the influence of boundary reflections on ultrasonic coda waves. Numerical experiments with saturated poroelastic media demonstrate that the 2L FD scheme with the CPML for ultrasonic wave propagation significantly improves stability conditions at strong heterogeneity and absorbing performance at grazing incidence. The boundary reflections from the artificial boundary surrounding the digital core decay fast with the increase of CPML thicknesses, almost disappearing at the CPML thickness of 15 grids. Comparisons of the resulting ultrasonic coda Q _sc values between the numerical and experimental ultrasonic S waveforms for a cylindrical rock sample demonstrate that the boundary reflection may contribute around one-third of the ultrasonic coda attenuation observed in laboratory experiments.  相似文献   

浅析电接电向风速仪保养与维修   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘希林 《气象研究与应用》2012,33(1):73-74,79

论述了电接电向风速仪维修保养、常见故障及其检修方法。  相似文献   

Rock fracture compliance derived from time delays of elastic waves     

M. Möllhoff  C.J. Bean  P.G. Meredith 《Geophysical Prospecting》2010,58(6):1111-1122

The purpose of this study is to compare the reliability of various methods of estimating normal rock fracture compliance from elastic wave measurements. We compare ultrasonic through‐transmission laboratory measurements for a smooth fracture in a Westerly granite specimen with numerical simulations and analytical solutions. The focus is on deriving compliance from time delays. The influence of specimen and source transducer width was constrained using numerical wave simulations. We find that measured ultrasonic phase delays are better suited to estimate the fracture compliance than group delays. Using the frequency domain instead of the time domain increases the accuracy of the fracture compliance estimates. We further show that for cases where precise phase delay measurements are unavailable, employing first break times in conjunction with numerical simulations can be considered as an alternative.  相似文献   

Stability Dependence of the Eddy-Accumulation Coefficients for Momentum and Scalars   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Edgar L. Andreas  Reginald J. Hill  James R. Gosz  Douglas I. Moore  William D. Otto  Achanta D. Sarma 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,86(3):409-420

From a set of turbulence data collected with a three-axis sonic anemometer/thermometer and described in a companion paper, we simulate the eddy-accumulation process for sensible heat and momentum fluxes. The resulting eddy-accumulation coefficient for momentum clearly depends on surface-layer stability; at neutral stability, its value is 0.63. On supplementing the scalar eddy-accumulation coefficients that we derive from our sensible heat flux data with values of sensible and latent heat flux coefficients reported by Businger and Oncley, we also find that scalar eddy-accumulation coefficients depend on stability, though more weakly than does the momentum coefficient. The coefficients for sensible and latent heat show no significant difference; we, thus, fit them with one function of stability whose value is 0.52 for neutral stratification.  相似文献   

Statistics of Surface-Layer Turbulence Over Terrain with Metre-Scale Heterogeneity   总被引：9，自引：8，他引：1  

Edgar L Andreas  Reginald J. Hill  James R. Gosz  Douglas I. Moore  William D. Otto  Achanta D. Sarma 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,86(3):379-408

Refuge has patchy vegetation in sandy soil. During midday and at night, the surface sources and sinks for heat and moisture may thus be different. Although the Sevilleta is broad and level, its metre-scale heterogeneity could therefore violate an assumption on which Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) relies. To test the applicability of MOST in such a setting, we measured the standard deviations of vertical (_w) and longitudinal velocity (_u), temperature (_t), and humidity (_q), the temperature-humidity covariance (¯tq), and the temperature skewness (S_t). Dividing the former five quantities by the appropriate flux scales (u_*, _*, and q_*) yielded the nondimensional statistics _w/u_*, _u/u_*, _t/|t_*|, _q/|q_*|, and ¯tq/t_*q_*. _w/u_*, _t/|t_*|, and S_t have magnitudes and variations with stability similar to those reported in the literature and, thus, seem to obey MOST. Though _u/u_* is often presumed not to obey MOST, our _u/u_* data also agree with MOST scaling arguments. While _q/|q_*| has the same dependence on stability as _t/|t_*|, its magnitude is 28% larger. When we ignore ¯tq/t_*q_* values measured during sunrise and sunset transitions – when MOST is not expected to apply – this statistic has essentially the same magnitude and stability dependence as (_t/t_*)². In a flow that truly obeys MOST, (_t/t_*)², (_q/q_*)², and ¯tq/t_*q_* should all have the same functional form. That (_q/q_*)² differs from the other two suggests that the Sevilleta has an interesting surface not compatible with MOST. The sources of humidity reflect the patchiness while, despite the patchiness, the sources of heat seem uniformly distributed.  相似文献   

不同围压下孔隙度不同的干燥及水饱和岩样中的纵横波速度及衰减   总被引：24，自引：4，他引：20       下载免费PDF全文

刘斌 《地球物理学报》1998,41(4):537-546

选择具有不同孔隙度的三种岩石样品,在最高达600MPa （干燥样品）或300MPa （水饱和样品）的不同围压条件下,同时测量了在其中传播的纵、横波的速度及衰减。对于低孔隙度的花岗岩,干燥和水饱和样品的 Q 值几乎没有差别,但与干燥样品相比,水饱和样品中的纵波速度较高而横波速度稍低。对于中等孔隙度的杂砂岩,干燥样品和水饱和样品的波速和 Q 值及其随围压的变化有明显的不同。在高孔隙度的砂岩中这种不同更加显著。综合分析同时测得的纵、横波速度和 Q 值可以发现,当围压增加时,低孔隙度的花岗岩中同体应变相关的能量损失与同剪切应变相关的能量损失之比减小,但在中等孔隙度的杂砂岩和高孔隙度的砂岩中这一比值增大;同时,水饱和样品中的这一比值要比干燥样品中的大,而且它们之间的差别同样品的孔隙度正相关。  相似文献