闪电先导三维自持发展模式的建立   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李丹  张义军  吕伟涛  陈绿文  张阳  郑栋 《应用气象学报》2015,26(2):203-210

为研究上行先导发生发展的特征及其与地面构筑物间的相互作用,该文建立了闪电先导三维自持发展模式。该模式能够在给定雷暴云下空间电场初始分布情况、下行梯级先导始发位置及地面构筑物几何形状等参量时,进行自持发展模拟,计算出上行正先导随时间在三维空间内的头部位置、速度、电流强度、线电荷密度等物理特征量的变化。模拟发现上行正先导始发及发展过程中,其速度呈逐渐增加趋势,临近最后一跳发生前,上行正先导速度增加明显,整个过程中先导速度的变化范围为104~106 m·s-1量级,电流强度随时间也具有逐渐增加趋势,该变化趋势与光学观测得到的先导头部亮度的变化趋势相一致。该闪电先导三维自持模拟模型能够为进一步研究雷击地面构筑物特点提供参考。  相似文献   

云闪K过程的三维时空特征   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

刘恒毅  董万胜  张义军 《应用气象学报》2017,28(6):700-713

K过程是闪电放电过程中的一种放电事件。该文使用两套VHF宽带干涉仪2010年夏季在广州从化地区获取的3次云闪三维闪电辐射源定位数据,分析其中的K过程时空发展特征与地面电场特征。结果表明:宽带干涉仪观测到的K过程主要由快速发展的负极性放电事件组成,按定位结果的分布可划分为3个阶段:负极性反冲先导发生在云闪起始区域下方,沿正先导一端已有路径向闪电起始区域传播;部分反冲先导能进入之前负先导建立的通道并快速发展;反冲先导将原有通道激活后进一步促进负先导继续发展。同时使用辐射源三维定位数据计算了8次反冲先导的平均发展速度,反冲先导的发展速度为106~107 m·s-1量级,与负地闪中的负极性直窜先导相似,但均小于回击速度。  相似文献   

Inner product matrices, kriging, and nonparametric estimation of variogram     

Subhash Lele 《Mathematical Geology》1995,27(5):673-692

Two important problems in the practical implementation of kriging are: (1) estimation of the variogram, and (2) estimation of the prediction error. In this paper, a nonparametric estimator of the variogram to circumvent the problem of the precise choice of a variogram model is proposed. Using orthogonal decomposition of the kriging predictor and the prediction error, a method for selecting, what may be considered, a statistical neighborhood is suggested. The prediction error estimates based on this scheme, in fact, reflects the true prediction error, thus leading to proper coverage for the corresponding prediction interval. By simulations and a reanalysis of published data, it is shown that the proposals made in this paper are useful in practice.  相似文献   

The Positive Indian Ocean Dipole–like Response in the Tropical Indian Ocean to Global Warming     

Yiyong LUO  Jian LU  Fukai LIU  Xiuquan WAN 《大气科学进展》2016,33(4):476-488

Climate models project a positive Indian Ocean Dipole(p IOD)–like SST response in the tropical Indian Ocean to global warming. By employing the Community Earth System Model and applying an overriding technique to its ocean component(version 2 of the Parallel Ocean Program), this study investigates the similarities and differences of the formation mechanisms for the changes in the tropical Indian Ocean during the p IOD versus global warming. Results show that their formation processes and related seasonality are quite similar; in particular, wind–thermocline–SST feedback is the leading mechanism in producing the anomalous cooling over the eastern tropics in both cases. Some differences are also found, including the fact that the cooling effect of the vertical advection over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean is dominated by the anomalous vertical velocity during the p IOD but by the anomalous upper-ocean stratification under global warming. These findings are further examined through an analysis of the mixed layer heat budget.  相似文献   

Effect of an earthquake occurrence on the flow intensity of the subsequent events     

A. G. Prozorov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,127(1):1-19

Aftershocks or swarms indicate increase of the flow intensity in the vicinity of the initial earthquakes. By normalizing their number according to the dynamic range of the standard frequency magnitude distribution the increase or positive aftereffect property of the initial earthquakes can be compared for different magnitude intervals, periods of time or regions. After applying accurate formal algorithm of aftershock identification it is possible to study negative aftereffect of the main events (nonaftershocks) in the catalog.Negative aftereffect means decrease of the probability of successive events in a time-space vicinity of the main event, when the aftershocks are over. The negative effect is the most important part of the seismic cycle and seismic gaps approach. Global statistical test give high confidence level for the relative decrease in intensity of the flow of the events withM7 in the first 20–25 years after the events withM8 in their 1^o-vicinities in the total time period under study of approximately 60 years. The decrease approximates 32% of the undisturbed intensity of the flow ofM>7 events in the vicinities.Self-similar negative aftereffect was observed 3–7 years after 6M<7 events, it totals approximately 18% of the undisturbed intensity. Another type of self-similarity of seismic regime, with respect to the negative aftereffect, is the decrease of probabilities of aftershocks with large magnitudes in aftershock sequences. When we have adequate dynamic range in the catalog for the study of this property, for example, for main events withM7 in the catalog with low cut-off limitM=4, the statistical significance of the negative aftereffect is clear. However, the absolute value of the effect is also rather small, about 10%, which means that in 90% of the cases the aftershock sequences do not experience lack of energy due to the main shock energy release and follow a standard magnitude distribution for earthquakes in the entire catalog.The small values of the negative aftereffect apparently indicate partial stress relase by earthquakes and may explain short recurrence time intervals after major earthquakes observed periodically in different places.  相似文献   

岩石圈下层塑性流动网带的剪切热效应          下载免费PDF全文

王绳祖 《地震地质》2006,28(3):336-350

基于“网状塑性流动”大陆动力学模型和中国大陆大地热流的分布特征,文中针对网带黏性剪切热效应的平衡态,通过热力学能量方程的求解,导出网带温度异常方程等关系式,并通过与网带热流正异常的拟合分析,确定了相关的参数值。研究表明,塑性流动网带黏性剪切热的产生为温度的正异常提供了热源,并通过热传导扩展网带的影响范围,形成相应的热异常网带。作为对中东亚塑性流动网络系统平均状况的估计,网带的热异常宽度与地震带所显示的网带视宽度一致,约为65km;剪切网带的宽度为44km,约为网带热异常宽度的23;网带中线处的温度正异常约为210K,剪切网带边界处的温度正异常约为67K,至热异常带边缘处降低为零,其起伏形态与网带大地热流正异常“凸峰”相一致。文中为岩石圈下层塑性流动网络的存在及其对大地热流正异常分布的控制提供了理论依据  相似文献   

沙漠化扩展对区域气候影响的数值模拟研究   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  

姜大膀  王式功  郎咸梅  董光荣  尚可政  杨德保 《中国沙漠》2001,21(4):428-432

利用GCM -SSiB全球大气环流谱模式,设计两组数值模拟试验(即控制试验(CE)和沙漠面积扩大试验(DE)),研究了大陆沙漠化对我国区域气候变化的影响。模拟结果表明:沙区扩展后,大陆年平均地表温度降低,海平面气压上升,纬向风速、季风加强,夏季低空上升运动减弱,冬季下沉运动增强,降雨量显著减少,地表蒸发、感热和潜热通量亦显著减少。我国区域气候随大陆沙漠化扩展趋向冷干、风速加大,沙漠扩展与区域气候恶化存在正反馈。  相似文献   

深海囊螂蛤铁蛋白的环境选择压力分析     

孔雪  王玮  蔡月凤  李亚男  张驰乐  张海滨  申欣 《海洋通报》2023,(5)

深海环境常有高压、极端温度、富含重金属、黑暗、寡营养等特点。生活在该种特殊环境中的生物可能演绎出不同机制适应此生境。囊螂科贝类是深海冷泉/热液区的优势物种,拟通过对来自冷泉/热液区囊螂科贝类铁蛋白进行环境选择压力分析,以期解析其适应深海特殊生境（高铁环境、高静水压）的机制。首先,通过本地比对的方式获得了囊螂蛤和其近缘种铁蛋白的核苷酸和氨基酸序列,其均有ferritin保守功能域和相应的保守位点。其中,囊螂蛤铁蛋白Cmfer-2、Cmagfer-3、Pofer-3属于M型铁蛋白,其他归属为H型铁蛋白。 Cmagfer-4和Pofer-4可初步判断为分泌型铁蛋白,而其他囊螂蛤铁蛋白与胞质型铁蛋白聚为一支。为了探索环境因素对深海贝类铁蛋白的影响,运用PAML软件对深浅海铁蛋白进行了选择压力分析。 结果显示总共鉴定到8个正选择位点,其后验概率大于95%。其中,在含有嗜压氨基酸的对应组中,约50%浅海位点置换为嗜压的氨基酸,进一步证明了17A、 55R、171S氨基酸置换是铁蛋白适应深海压力变化的一种策略。更进一步研究发现69 K→I/T/M和171 E/K→S由带电荷的极性氨基酸置换为不带电荷的氨基酸,并且大部分受到选择的位点位于蛋白的N端和C端,深海囊螂蛤铁蛋白可能通过特定氨基酸极性的转变和分布区域的改变来适应深海特殊环境。本文通过深浅海贝类铁蛋白的分析来为深海生物对极端环境的适应研究提供一些信息和见解。  相似文献   

DISCUSSION ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE 2016 MENYUAN M6.4 EARTHQUAKE IN MENYUAN,QINGHAI          下载免费PDF全文

LEI Dong-ning  LIU Jie  LIU Zhu-mei  HE Yu-lin  QIAO Yue-qiang 《地震地质》2018,40(1):107-120

On January 21, 2016, a M6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai Province. Its epicenter is located in the Qilian-Hexi Zoulang tectonic zone, which records several moderate-large historical earthquakes. Previous studies on this event are based on geology, remote sensing data and focal mechanism solutions, lacking analysis on its seismogenic structure. In order to study seismogenic fault plane and seismoteconic style of the earthquake, this work uses data of seismic intensity, aftershocks, and geology to address this issue. Furthermore, we calculate Coulomb stress changes imposed by the 1927 Gulang M8 and 1986 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake on the fault plane of the 2016 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake. The results indicate the early two events have posed distinct impacts on two nodal planes:loading or triggering on nodal plane Ⅰ, and unloading or delay on Ⅱ. In some cases such triggering stress is approaching or up to the threshold value of 0.01 MPa. Combining isoseismals, aftershock distribution, geological structure and different Coulomb stress changes aforementioned, the nodal plane Ⅱ of the source model is considered the seismogenic feature. In conjunction with geophysical data, we establish the seismogenic model of the Menyuan earthquake, which is a positive flower structure in a profile, gentle in the upper and steep in the lower, characterized by thrusting in a strike slipping fault system. This is a possible model for thrusting earthquakes generated by strike-slip faults in a compressional tectonic regime.  相似文献   

Influence of livestock soil eutrophication on floral composition in the Pyrenees mountains     

S 《山地科学学报》2008,5(1):63-72

Livestock behaviour in the Pyrenees includes free grazing and a long resting period that provokes the accumulation of dung and urine in some places,so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were （i） to analyze any change in floral composition,and in nutritional and chemical contents of plants in a livestock camping area; and （ii） to relate the floral composition with soil chemical properties. In a linear transect,five sampling zones were established,from the centre of the camping area to the surrounding Nardus stricta-dominant pasture. The above ground plant biomass and the topsoil were sampled in each zone with 6 replicates per zone. Plant species were classified and weighed to calculate above ground biomass,nutritional and chemical contents,and Shannon diversity and evenness indices. Additionally,soils were sampled in two periods,at the beginning and at the end of grazing period. Soil available nutrients （nitrate,ammonium,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium）,total nitrogen,organic carbon and pH were measured.
Plant chemical contents （protein,lignin and others） were significantly related to the proportions of grasses,legumes and other plants; so,the protein content is positively correlated with legumes plant biomass while lignin content is negatively correlated with grasses. Both plant and soil nutrients increased linearly towards the centre of the camping area. However,the relationship among plant species richness,diversity and evenness relative to its position along the studied transect was bell-shaped. From the outskirts to the centre of the camping area,plants with low nutrient demand were progressively replaced by those with medium and high nutrients demand and by pioneers.
Nardus stricta-dominant pasture has low plant diversity and plant nutrient content as well as a poor soil nutrient availability. The presence of the camping area introduced patches with more soil nutrients and new species in the large spatial scale. However at a small spatial scale,the strong soil nutrien  相似文献