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981.
The Ričice reservoir was built in 1987 in the central part of the bare Dinaric karst region in Croatia, on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The reservoir water level rise rapidly after rainfall, but due to high water-loss rates the water remains impounded for a very short time. The reservoir volume at the spillway altitude is 18.4 × 106 m3. Due to water losses, the mean annual water volume in the 1989–1995 period was 6.5 × 106 m3. Interdisciplinary analyses and investigations of geological, hydrological and hydrogeological factors which caused water losses from the Ričice reservoir have been carried out. Water losses from the reservoir are defined using a water budget equation. An assessment of the calculation of hydraulic conductivity, and a definition of the groundwater level below the Ričice reservoir, using Darcy's equation for vertical flow, is carried out. It may be concluded that the water losses from the Ričice reservoir are mainly controlled by the water level in the reservoir. 相似文献
982.
Karst flash flooding, identified as one of the hazards in karst terrains, is directly linked to the structure and hydraulic properties of karst aquifers. Due to the characteristics of flow within karst aquifers, characterized by a dual flow – diffuse flow within fissured limestone and conduit flow within karst conduits networks – flash flooding may be important in volume and dynamics. Such phenomenon may cause serious damages including loss of lives, as it occurred on 3rd October 1988 in Nîmes (Gard, South France). Flash floods there have been considered to be the result of very intensive rainfall events conjugated to runoff due to the geomorphologic context of the city located down hill. However, preliminary results of recent studies of the hydrologic behaviour of groundwater and surface water for a specific event (September 2005) show that the karst plays an important role in the flood genesis. The main characteristics of the Nîmes karst system leading to karst flash flooding are presented in this paper. A methodology comprising modelling of the karst system allowed proposing simple warning thresholds for various part of the karst (water level threshold for the karst conduits and cumulative rainfall threshold for the overflowing fissured karst). These thresholds can be included in the flash flood warning system of the Nîmes city. 相似文献
983.
Subtle variations of frequencies in the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of beryl have been predicted based on the coordination
between extra-framework cations and water molecules in two orientations (referred to as type I and type II) trapped within
the channel. In this study, the polarized IR spectra of hydrated synthetic beryl and natural beryl were measured to clarify
the relationships between the frequencies of the absorption bands and the coordination states of type II water. Na+ was assumed to be the predominant cation coordinated to type II water in our samples, as determined by chemical analyses.
These measurements revealed a clear quantitative linear relationship in absorbance between bands at 3,602 and 1,619 and at
3,589 and 1,631 cm−1. On the basis of experimental and theoretical studies, we assigned these pairs of bands to the ν1 and ν2 modes of doubly coordinated type II H2O and to singly coordinated type II H2O, respectively. These assignments were supported by IR measurements of annealed natural beryl. We also conducted dehydration
studies of natural beryl, in which two observed dehydration peaks, at 600 and 750°C, suggested the dehydration of type I and
type II water, respectively. 相似文献
984.
Boris Kolesov 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2008,35(5):271-278
Single-crystal polarized Raman spectra (3,000–4,000 cm−1 at 3 ≤ T ≤ 300 K) were measured for synthetic alkali-free and natural beryl, Be2Al3Si6O18·xH2O, to determine the behavior of H2O molecules of both Type I and Type II in the cavities. At low temperature, the H2O molecules of Type I displace from the center of cavity and give rise to very weak hydrogen bonding with the host lattice.
The H2O Type I translational motion is characterized by substantial anharmonicity and looks like a motion of “a particle in the
box” with a frequency of 6.3 cm−1. Water Type II is characterized by a free rotation with respect to the C
2 molecule axis, and it makes possible the water nuclear isomers (i.e. ortho- and para-) to be observed at low temperature.
相似文献
Boris KolesovEmail: |
985.
F. Carrasco D. Sánchez I. Vadillo B. Andreo C. Martínez L. Fernández 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):575-585
The water framework directive (WFD) is applied within the Guadalhorce river basin, a Western Mediterranean basin in the Málaga
province (South Spain). Criteria defining different surface and groundwater bodies are described. The basic hydrographic network
is constituted of low-mountain and low-altitude Mediterranean mineralized rivers. Heavily modified surface water bodies correspond
(1) to areas where dams regulate the main watercourses, (2) to areas downstream of reservoirs, where river flow is reduced,
and (3) to the coastal sector of the river where artificial channelling has caused morphological variations. Groundwater bodies
are related to carbonate and porous aquifers and, locally, to aquifers influenced by dissolution of evaporites. The main impacts
to water bodies are irrigated lands and livestock farming. There are also point sources of pollution, such as wastewater,
landfills, golf courses, industrial zones, quarries and petrol stations. In addition, groundwater is frequently pumped for
human supply and irrigation. Qualitative status of groundwater bodies was done by chemical analysis of samples from a monitoring
network and the quantitative status by examining variations in piezometric levels. Both revealed the existence of water bodies
at risk of not meeting the environmental objectives of the WFD. The main indicators of pollution are nitrates related to agricultural
activities, and total organic carbon (TOC), PO43− and NH4+ in relation to wastewater. 相似文献
986.
A sedimentological study of two dimitic lakes in North-Eastern Germany provided a record of anthropogenic impacts and historical
changes of water quality. The upper 50 cm sediment profiles were compared for major nutrients and selected major trace elements.
The sediments were dated by 210Pb and 137Cs measurement. The upper 50 cm sediment profiles represent approximately the last 100 years of history in both lakes. Element
analyses show different characteristic stratigraphic patterns in both lakes. Based on the nutrient and metal stratification,
three characteristic time periods can be documented for both lakes. In addition to agricultural use of the catchment area,
atmospheric pollution greatly influenced the metal concentration in the sediment layers. Variation in the external loading
and redox conditions in the hypolimnion explain the variation in the composition and accumulation of metals in the sediment
stratigraphy. No increases or changes in the trophic level of either lake could be documented based on the accumulation of
the nutrients C, N and P. The ratio of Fe/Mn and Fe/Ca characterized the changing redox conditions. The stratigraphy of Pb
and Zn agrees with the historical variation in atmospheric pollution and confirms literature values for Central and North
Europe. The drop in Pb and Zn over the last 10–15 years is a regional effect in North-Eastern Germany. 相似文献
987.
This paper attempts to identify the high-risk areas for potential runoff of pyrethroid pesticides in the San Joaquin River
Watershed. Pyrethroid pesticides have been detected in water and fluvial sediments in this watershed, creating concerns about
potential negative impacts on water quality. However, little documentation exists regarding the distributions or the extent
of the adverse effects caused by the use of pyrethroids. This study developed a geographic information systems (GIS) model
to identify areas with high potential for pyrethroid runoff during the rainy season. The model was then validated using field-monitoring
data. Nine factors were identified for the runoff risk assessment: amount of active ingredient used, soil erodibility factor,
hydrologic group, surface layer depth, seasonal rainfall, seasonal number of rainy days, seasonal number of storm events,
stream density, and land cover. The results indicated that high pyrethroid runoff risks were associated with basins such as
the Stanislaus River Sub-basin, Newman Gustine Sub-basin and South Merced Sub-basin. This study demonstrated that the GIS
model is capable of predicting high-risk areas of pyrethroid runoff at sub-basin scale. The model can be used to prioritize
sites for water quality monitoring and guide implementations of best management practices.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
988.
Growing demand for potable water for various needs has lead to indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater resources, particularly,
in the terrain where surface water resources are negligible. One such area is an island where groundwater is the only source
of fresh water. Groundwater is the prime source of fresh water on most of the atolls in the world. Groundwater on these islands
is in the form of thin fragile floating lens and is often vulnerable to overexploitation, draught, tidal waves, tsunami and
cyclone resulting in seawater ingress. Sustainable development of this meager source of fresh groundwater for a longer time
becomes a more difficult task on small atolls with a large population depending on this vital resource. To develop a sustainable
management scheme and identify the vulnerable part of aquifer, characterization of the aquifer system on islands is imperative.
Groundwater on an atoll is extremely vulnerable to seawater mixing through natural as well as human activities. One such natural
process is the tides of the ocean. The response of sea tide to the water table on the island offers valuable data as well
as cost-effective means to characterize an aquifer system. Such characterization is vital for the management of groundwater
resources on an atoll. The obtained results have compared well with the parameters obtained through a conventional pumping
test. Therefore, the use of tidal response to the water table, which can easily be recorded, provides a rapid and cost-effective
means to characterization of the aquifer system on the island. 相似文献
989.
This paper queries the relevance of the ‘splintering urbanism’ thesis to postcolonial cities of the South, and responds to calls for the production of a decentered theory of urbanization through a case study of Jakarta. Drawing on archival and interview data, the paper demonstrates that Jakarta has, since its inception, been characterized by a high degree of differentiation of access to water supply, and of fragmentation of water supply networks. We document the origins of this fragmentation in the colonial era, and trace the legacy of the colonial constructions within the postcolonial city. Moreover, we demonstrate that the introduction of private sector management (in 1988) has not significantly disrupted, and certainly not caused, this pattern. In short, we provide evidence to support our claim that Jakarta’s water supply system is ‘splintered’ rather than ‘splintering’, and demonstrate that this phenomenon was not caused by the rise (or fall) of the ‘modern infrastructural ideal’. In order to explain this sustained fragmentation of infrastructure and access, the paper develops a conceptual framework of postcolonial governmentality that emphasizes the interrelationship between materiality, governmentality, identity, and urbanization, in particular through demonstrating how contested and evolving process of social differentiation are linked to the differentiation of water supply infrastructures and of urban spaces. Although we are wary of any simplistic comparisons between the colonial past and present, we argue that the optic of postcolonial governmentality provides a powerful lens for dissecting the power relations that continue to structure access to water supply and urban space in cities in the South. 相似文献
990.
Among the various components of the water balance, measurement of evapotranspiration has probably been the most difficult
component to quantify and measure experimentally. Some attempts for direct measurement of evapotranspiration have included
the use of weighing lysimeters. However, quantification of evapotranspiration has been typically conducted using energy balance
approaches or indirect water balance methods that rely on quantification of other water balance components. This paper initially
presents the fundamental aspects of evapotranspiration as well as of its evaporation and transpiration components. Typical
methods used for prediction of evapotranspiration based on meteorological information are also discussed. The current trend
of using evapotranspirative cover systems for closure of waste containment facilities located in arid climates has brought
renewed needs for quantification of evapotranspiration. Finally, case histories where direct or indirect measurements of evapotranspiration
have been conducted are described and analyzed. 相似文献