Wet Canopy Evaporation Rate of Three Stands in Western Sichuan, China     

YANGWanqin WANGKaiyun SeppoKellomaki XIAOLing 《山地科学学报》2004,1(2):166-174

The wet canopy evaporation rate (Er) was calculated by Penman-Monteith combination model based on three assumptions and with meteorological variables 2 m above the canopy in three stands, dominated by spruce (SF), fir (FF) and birch (BF) trees, respectively, in the subalpine forests in western Sichuan, China over a growing season. The total amount of the E was 44.5 mm for SF, 88.5 mm for FF and 57.8 mm for BF, accounting for 9.2%, 16.6% and 10.2% of the gross rainfall, respectively, in the measuring period. There was the highest average monthly Er and percentage of E to gross rainfall for FF compared with SF and BF.Mean Er was 0.097 mm h^-1 (ranging from 0.028 to0.487 mm h^-1), 0.242 mm h^-1 (from 0.068 to 0.711 mm h^-1) and 0.149 mm h^-1 (from 0.060 to 0.576 mm h^-1) for SF, FF and BF, respectively. The highest average monthly Er occurred in June was 0.120 mm h^-1 for SF, 0.317 mm h^-1for FF and 0.169 mm h^-1 for BF, and the lowest value in October was 0.083 mm h^-1 for SF, 0.187 mm h^-1 for FF and 0.101 mm h^-1 for BF, respectively. The averages of Er from 8:00 to16:00 were significantly higher than those from 0:00 to 8:00 and from 16:00 to 0:00 for the three stands. The marked daily and monthly differences of Er were contributable to the variations of solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity above the canopy.  相似文献   

The impact of landslides and salt weathering on Roman structures at high latitudes—Conway Castle, Great Britain: a case study     

G. M. E. Kamh 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(2):238-254

Conway Castle is an immense historical structure, dating back to 1289 AC. It was built on highly dipping thickbeds of indurated shale (argillite) and sandstone. It is surrounded by Conway Bay, railway lines, and tall dense forests indicating high relative humidity and rainfall in this coastal area. The castle suffers from weathering noted as honeycomb, black crust, exfoliation, and discoloration with white salt efflorescence at some parts; these are diagnostic features for salt weathering as confirmed by the laboratory investigations using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), point XRD, and hydrochemical analysis. The salt is found to be from three sources, namely, water spray from Conway Bay that is part of the Irish Sea, chemical alteration of the mortars carbonate content into sulfate salts by acid rain, and wet deposition of air pollutants on the surface of the stone. The cracks noted in the southwestern tower of this castle are a result of landslides in this area that resulted from three factors: (a) high dip angle of the indurated sandstone and shale thickbeds (about 60–65° to the south) under this castle, (b) undercutting of these beds in the dip direction by the surface water of Conway Bay, and (c) seismic waves generated by the trains passing close to this castle. All these factors result in land sliding even at a low rate; however, the net result is cracks in the tower close to these factors.  相似文献   

Fault induced permanent ground deformations—an experimental comparison of wet and dry soil and implications for buried structures   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Jrgen Johansson  Kazuo Konagai 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2006,26(1):45-53

Fault surface ruptures constitute a great risk to human lives, buildings and infrastructure. Despite this few building codes contain risk reducing provisions. Experiments provided results for establishing design rules in terms of possible dislocation and failure strains. Dry and wet soil behave substantially different. A brief discussion on counteracting effects of the wet soil on the interaction between a buried structure and the surrounding ground is included.  相似文献   

Interactions between human activity, volcanic eruptions and vegetation during the Holocene at Garua and Numundo, West New Britain, PNG     

W.E. Boyd  C.J. Lentfer  J. Parr 《Quaternary Research》2005,64(3):384-398

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华东典型地区大气硫沉降通量的观测和模拟研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

杨浩明  王体健  程炜  韩敏 《气象科学》2005,25(6):560-568

本文使用中国科学院常熟和鹰潭生态实验站和气象站的观测资料，应用区域酸沉降模式系统（RegADMS）和大叶阻力相似模型来研究华东地区不同下垫面条件上的大气硫沉降问题，定量估计了农田下垫面上大气硫化物的沉降通量。SO2和硫酸盐的干沉降速率使用大叶阻力相似模型来估计，使用与降水量有关的参数化方案来确定湿沉降系数。结果表明，常熟地区农田下垫面的大气硫沉降通量为19．0gm^-2 a^-1，其中干沉降占42％；而位于江西红壤地区的鹰潭站的大气硫沉降通量为10．4gm^-2a^-1，其中干沉降占83％。比较发现，两地硫干沉降通量绝对值相差不大，但其在总沉降通量中所占的份额有较大差异；常熟站的硫湿沉降通量比鹰潭站要大9．23gm^-2a^-1，该差异是由两地污染状况和气象条件的不同造成。华东地区的年硫沉降总量为1．88Mt（1Mt=10^6t），其中72．8％沉降在农田下垫面上。硫沉降中43％是干沉降，57％是湿沉降。  相似文献   

Radionuclide fluxes in the Arabian Sea: the role of particle composition     

J.C. Scholten  J. Fietzke  A. Mangini  P. Stoffers  T. Rixen  B. Gaye-Haake  T. Blanz  V. Ramaswamy  F. Sirocko  H. Schulz  V. Ittekkot 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,230(3-4):319-337

We investigated the influence of the composition of the vertical particle flux on the removal of particle reactive natural radionuclides (²³⁰Th and ²³¹Pa) from the water column to the sediments. Radionuclide concentrations determined in sediment traps moored in the western, central and eastern Arabian Sea were related to the major components (carbonate, particulate organic matter (POC), opal, lithogenic material) of the particle flux. These data were combined with sediment trap data previously published from the Southern Ocean, Equatorial Pacific and North Atlantic [Z. Chase, R.F. Anderson, M.Q. Fleisher, P.W. Kubik, The influence of particle composition and particle flux on scavenging of Th, Pa and Be in the ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 204 (2002) 215–229; J.C. Scholten, F. Fietzke, S. Vogler, M. Rutgers van der Loeff, A. Mangini, W. Koeve, J. Waniek, P. Stoffers, A. Antia, J. Kuss, Trapping efficiencies of sediment traps from the deep eastern North Atlantic: The ²³⁰Th calibration, Deep Sea Research II 48 (2001) 2383–2408]. The correlations observed between the particle-dissolved distribution coefficients (K_d) of ²³⁰Th and ²³¹Pa and the concentrations of the particle types depend on the sediment trap data set used. This result suggests that scavenging affinities of the nuclides differ between oceanic regions. Several factors (K_d values, reactive surface areas of particles, inter-correlations in closed data set) can, however, influence the observed relationships and thus hamper the interpretation of these correlation coefficients as a measure of relative scavenging affinities of the nuclides to the particle types investigated. The mean fractionation factor (F(Pa/Th)=K_d(Pa)/K_d(Th)) from the Equatorial Pacific (F=0.11±0.03) is similar to that from the North Atlantic (F(Pa/Th)=0.077±0.026), and both are lower than the factors from the Arabian Sea (F(Pa/Th)=0.35±0.12) and from the Southern Ocean (F(Pa/Th)=0.87±0.4). For opal concentrations exceeding 60%, an increase in the fractionation factors is observed causing a higher mean fractionation factor for the Southern Ocean trap data set. For the other areas investigated, differences in the mean fractionation factors cannot be related to the particles types considered. In the Arabian Sea, seasonally variable ²³¹Pa_ex/²³⁰Th_ex ratios observed in the sediment traps as well as differences of the ratios between recently deposited phytodetritus (fluff) and normal surface sediments indicate seasonal changes in scavenging processes which the generally accepted reversible scavenging models do not envisage. We assume that variable sinking rates of particles, and/or particles not considered in this study (e.g. colloids, manganese oxides, transparent exopolymer particles) may play an important but as yet unexplored role in deep-water scavenging processes.  相似文献   

贵阳市SO2雨水清除系数的研究     

赵彩  李启泰 《高原气象》2001,20(1)

提出了一种利用SO2 空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2 降水清除系数的方法 ,计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2 降水清除系数kw,并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2 浓度的数值计算。结果表明 ,这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致  相似文献   

近40年浙江省降水量、雨日的气候变化   总被引：43，自引：2，他引：43       下载免费PDF全文

顾骏强  施能等 《应用气象学报》2002,13(3):322-329

用1961～1999年浙江省36站的资料， 研究了浙江省年、季、月降水总量与雨日数的气候变化。指出在浙江省年降水量增加的同时，雨日数没有同步的增加。浙江省除了7、8月份雨日是增加以外，其他月份的雨日数都表现为减少。由于7、 8月降水量的增加比雨日的增加更明显，反映出浙江省平均的日降水的强度增加了。研究还指出，雨日的减少是在1978年前后突变发生的。20世纪80年代以后， 浙江省9～12月的雨日已有大幅度的减少。  相似文献   

A Re-Evaluation of Sulfur Budgets, Lifetimes, and Scavenging Ratios for Eastern North America   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

GARY S. WOJCIK  JULIUS S. CHANG 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,26(2):109-145

Lifetimes, scavenging ratios, andbudgets describe the cycling of atmosphericconstituents and are often used in formulating airpollution control strategies. Most previous studiesof sulfur lifetimes, budgets, and scavenging ratioshave been based on limited observational data or datafrom highly simplified models. The Regional AcidDeposition Model (RADM2.61) shows some skill inpredicting atmospheric mixing ratios of acidicmaterials and other related trace constituents andacid deposition patterns in North America, and so,analysis of its established, theoretical, databaseserves as a counterpoint to previous studies of sulfurbudgets, lifetimes, and scavenging ratios. The annualbudget shows that the net transport (outflow minusinflow) of sulfur compounds out of eastern NorthAmerica is equal to the total deposition within thedomain. Of the total deposition, 63% is from wetdeposition and 37% is from dry deposition. Theannual average lifetime of sulfur dioxide (38 hours),estimated by the turnover time, is limited by aqueousconversion, while that for sulfate aerosols (54 hours)is limited by their removal in precipitation. Theannual average lifetime of sulfur in this domain isslightly more than three days. Episodic lifetimes andbudgets, based on particular synoptic situations, showlarge variations around the annual values. Episodicprecipitation scavenging ratios exhibit similarvariability and are used to offer explanations ofseveral potential biases found in the wet sulfurdeposition amounts as predicted by the EMEP sulfurtransport model and other published results.  相似文献   

GPS测量中的大气路径延迟订正   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

陈洪滨  吕达仁 《测绘学报》1996,25(2):127-132

根据上海和北京两站１９９２～１９９３两年的气象探空资料，分别计算了ＧＰＳ伪距测量中的干项和湿项订正值。在此资料样本上，用最小二乘回归拟合得到了干、湿项订正的算式。分析大气球面分层的计算结果可见，干、湿项订正值随卫星天项角（≤７５°）的变化可以很好地用Ｓｅｃａｎｔ律来表示。该算式的精度优于其他模型；不同气候地区要采用根据当地气象资料建立起的订正算式  相似文献