湿球温度冷度日反映制冷能耗的适用性评估     

曹经福  李明财  孙玫玲  陈跃浩  杨艳娟  张瑞雪 《气候变化研究进展》2019,15(6):617-623

基于湿球温度提出一种新的表征制冷能耗的冷度日,利用TRNSYS软件模拟得到1961—2012年逐月制冷能耗,分析了基于湿球温度的冷度日反映我国不同建筑气候区制冷能耗的适用性。结果表明,除上海外,基于干球温度的冷度日并不能很好地反映制冷能耗,仅能解释逐月制冷能耗的17%~60%;基于湿球温度的冷度日能够很好地反映各建筑气候区的制冷能耗,可以解释逐月制冷能耗的67%~98%。此外,各建筑气候区随着设定的基础湿球温度不同,计算得到的冷度日对制冷能耗的解释量不同。基础湿球温度为16.85℃的冷度日对哈尔滨和天津制冷能耗解释量最大,而不同基础湿球温度的冷度日对上海和广州制冷能耗解释量均无明显差异。以上研究结果证实,基于湿球温度的冷度日能较好地反映各建筑气候区制冷能耗,但各气候区用湿球冷度日反映制冷能耗时应设定不同的基础湿球温度。  相似文献   

Chemical characterization of wet precipitation events and deposition of pollutants in coal mining region,India     

Abhay Kumar Singh  G. C. Mondal 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,59(1):1-23

The present study investigated the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation in India’s richest coal mining belt. Total 418 samples were collected on event basis at six sites from July to October in 2003 and May to October in 2004 and analysed for pH, EC, F⁻, Cl⁻, , , Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and . The average pH value (5.7) of the rainwater of the investigated area is alkaline in nature. However, the temporal pH variation showed the alkaline nature during the early phase of monsoonal rainfall but it trends towards acidic during the late and high rainfall periods. The rainwater chemistry of the region showed high contribution of Ca²⁺ (47%) and (21%) in cations and (55%) and Cl⁻ (23%) in anionic abundance. The high non seas salt fraction (nss) of Ca²⁺ (99%) and Mg²⁺ (96%) suggests crustal source of the ions, while the high nss (96%) and high ratio signifying the impact of anthropogenic sources and the source of the acidity. The ratio of varies from 0.03 to 3.23 with the average value of 0.84 suggesting that Ca²⁺ and play a major role in neutralization processes. The assessment of the wet ionic deposition rates shows no any specific trend, however Ca²⁺ deposition rate was highest followed by and _.  相似文献   

2005年淮北大暴雨成因诊断的个例分析   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

尹东屏  张备  赵凯  张冰  裴海瑛 《气象科学》2008,28(Z1)

通过对2005年7月10日江苏淮北区域性大暴雨分析得出:高低空急流的耦合对暴雨的产生起着重要作用,湿位涡的正压项的绝对值的增大与降水的增幅成正比,斜压项随降水的增幅增大,表明在"05710"暴雨发生的过程中不仅有对流不稳定能量存在,又有倾斜涡度的发展;同时低层水汽通量辐合的增大和上升运动是这场暴雨产生的关键.  相似文献   

Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Yu-Zhen Cao  Shaoyi Wang  Gan Zhang  Jiying Luo  Shaoyou Lu   《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(3):462-469

The pH variation and chemical characteristics of rainwater were investigated from January 2006 to December 2006 at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China. The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.49, which ranged from 3.52 to 6.28. The volume-weighted mean equivalent concentration of components followed the order: SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > NH₄⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃⁻ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > F⁻, indicating that SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ were the main anions, while Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺, were the main cations. Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ were major neutralization constituents of the precipitation. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis method were performed to identify possible common sources of major ions. Sources of the major ions were assessed based on enrichment factor method.  相似文献   

西北西部夏季干湿年的水汽输送特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

唐镭  缪启龙 《气象与减灾研究》2009,32(4):32-38

利用1961—2007年NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和中国地面气候资料国际交换站数据集台站降水距平百分率资料,分析了西北西部干、湿年夏季的水汽输送差异。结果表明,北疆偏湿润年,在对流层中、低层有一支源于阿拉伯海的异常水汽输送通道,它向西北方向流经波斯湾后折向东北方向流入北疆,这是热带海洋水汽输送进入北疆的最短路径。南疆—河西走廊西部偏湿润年,异常水汽通道主要是位于对流层中、低层的一支源于北方的水汽输送带,它作反气旋式运动后以偏东气流的形式流入河西走廊西部及南疆,由于该水汽输送源自北方,水汽含量小,这可能是造成该地域极度干旱的直接原因之一;另一支更弱的异常水汽通道位于对流层高层,它源自阿拉伯海,流经印度半岛后折向北,越过青藏高原后进入南疆。  相似文献   

气溶胶核化清除的化学效应──Ⅱ：动力学参数对云滴化学非均匀性的影响          下载免费PDF全文

刘小红  洪钟祥  王明康 《大气科学》1995,(1)

运用已建立的气溶胶核化清除的物理化学模式，研究了云的动力学因子（如：气块上升速度、夹卷作用）对云滴化学非均匀性的影响。计算结果表明：较强烈的云发展（较大的气块上升速度）可加强由于气溶胶核化和云滴凝结增长造成的云滴化学的非均匀程度。夹卷作用抑制了云的发展，因而减弱了这种非均匀程度。夹卷作用同时也造成总体液态水中Ｓ（ＶＩ）、Ｈ＋等浓度的增加，在Ｓｍａｘ附近可达１个量级。如果考虑气溶胶粒子的夹卷，则可使气块内云滴污染物浓度随云滴大小的变化更加复杂化，如：不仅云滴污染物浓度随云滴大小而变化，即使对于相同大小的云滴之间，其污染物浓度也可相差很大。  相似文献   

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds. Part I: A Non-Reactive Cloud Transport Model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kong Fanyou  Qin Yu 《大气科学进展》1993,10(4):415-427

A convective cloud transport model, without chemical processes, is developed by joining a set of concentration conservative equations into a two-dimensional, slab-symmetric and fully elastic numerical cloud model, and a numerical experiment is completed to simulate the vertical transport of ground-borne, inert gaseous pollutant by deepthunderstorm. The simulation shows that deep convective storm can very effectively transport high concentrated pollutant gas from PBL upward to the upper troposphere in 30 to 40 minutes, where the pollutant spreads laterally outward with strong anvil outflow, forming an extensive high concentration area. Meanwhile, relatively low concentration areas are formed in PBL both below and beside the cloud, mainly caused by dynamic pumping effect and sub-cloud downdraft flow. About 80% of the pollutant gas transported to the upper troposphere is from the layer below 1.5 km AGL (above ground level).  相似文献   

Phase partitioning of aerosol particles in clouds at Kleiner Feldberg     

A. Hallberg  K. J. Noone  J. A. Ogren  I. B. Svenningsson  A. Flossmann  A. Wiedensohler  H. -C. Hansson  J. Heintzenberg  T. L. Anderson  B. G. Arends  R. Maser 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):107-127

The partitioning of aerosol particles between cloud droplets and interstitial air by number and volume was determined both in terms of an integral value and as a function of size for clouds on Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (825 m asl), in the Taunus Mountains north-west of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Differences in the integral values and the size dependent partitioning between two periods during the campaign were observed. Higher number and volume concentrations of aerosol particles in the accumulation mode were observed during Period II compared to Period I. In Period I on average 87±11% (±one standard deviation) and 73±7% of the accumulation mode volume and number were incorporated into cloud droplets. For Period II the corresponding fractions were 42±6% and 12±2% in one cloud event and 64±4% and 18±2% in another cloud event. The size dependent partitioning as a function of time was studied in Period II and found to have little variation. The major processes influencing the partitioning were found to be nucleation scavenging and entrainment.  相似文献   

Computer modelling of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg     

R. N. Colvile  R. Sander  T. W. Choularton  K. N. Bower  D. W. F. Inglis  W. Wobrock  D. Schell  I. B. Svenningsson  A. Wiedensohler  H. -C. Hansson  A. Hallberg  J. A. Ogren  K. J. Noone  M. C. Facchini  S. Fuzzi  G. Orsi  B. G. Arends  W. Winiwarter  T. Schneider  A. Berner 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):189-229

The airflow, cloud microphysics and gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry on Kleiner Feldberg have been modelled for the case study of the evening of 1 November 1990, in order to calculate parameters that are not easily measured in the cloud and thus to aid the interpretation of the GCE experimental data-set. An airflow model has been used to produce the updraught over complex terrain for the cloud model, with some care required to ensure realistic modelling of the strong stable stratification of the atmosphere. An extensive set of measurements has been made self-consistent and used to calculate gas and aerosol input parameters for the model. A typical run of the cloud model has calculated a peak supersaturation of 0.55% which occurs about 20 s after entering cloud where the updraught is 0.6 m s^–1. This figure has been used to calculate the efficiency with which aerosol particles were scavenged; it is higher than that calculated by other methods, and produces a cloud with slightly too many droplets. A broad cloud droplet size spectrum has been produced by varying the model inputs to simulate turbulent mixing and fluctuations in cloud parameters in space and time, and the ability of mixing processes near cloud-base to produce a lower peak supersaturation is discussed. The scavenging of soluble gases by cloud droplets has been observed and departures from Henry's Law in bulk cloud-water samples seen to be caused by variation of pH across the droplet spectrum and the inability of diffusion to adjust initial distributions of highly soluble substances across the spectrum in the time available. Aqueous-phase chemistry has been found to play a minor role in the cloud as modelled, but circumstances in which these processes would be more important are identified.  相似文献   

The vertical transport of air pollutants by convective clouds Part II: Transport of soluble gases and sensitivity tests     

Kong Fanyou 《大气科学进展》1994,11(1):1-12

A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm system, Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer (PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere, resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H < 102 M atm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme.  相似文献