尺度效应的叶面积指数产品真实性检验方法     

廖嫣然  盖颖颖  姚延娟  范闻捷  徐希孺  闫彬彦 《遥感学报》2015,19(1):134-152

真实性检验是评价遥感反演产品质量和验证遥感应用产品是否准确、真实地反映实际情况的重要途径。叶面积指数(LAI)是表征陆地植被结构和长势的关键参数,全面准确评价和验证LAI产品是产品用于陆面过程模型的前提。本文以MODIS LAI与GLASS LAI产品为研究对象,在尺度效应和尺度转换的基础上,建立了针对非均匀像元的低分辨率LAI产品真实性检验方法。在考虑空间异质性和植被长势差异的情况下,借助中分辨率的遥感影像,分别利用1 km像元平均叶面积指数和反演表观叶面积指数实现了对LAI算法和产品的真实性检验。为了比较作物长势差异和地表非均匀度对产品的影响,本文选择有代表性的河南鹤壁和甘肃张掖两个地区进行两种LAI产品真实性检验研究。研究结果表明,GLASS LAI和MODIS LAI产品均存在明显的低估现象。这并不是产品算法的问题,而是由于地表异质性和非均匀度的影响。在异质性更显著的张掖盈科灌区,低估现象更明显。GLASS LAI产品是多种LAI产品的融合,它的平均LAI比MODIS更接近真实情况,但是LAI的动态范围比MODIS窄。  相似文献   

Simulating urban land use change by incorporating an autologistic regression model into a CLUE-S model   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3  

JIANG Weiguo  CHEN Zheng  LEI Xuan  JIA Kai  WU Yongfeng 《地理学报(英文版)》2015,25(7)

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旋翼无人机盐城试验观测资料分析及其在一次浓雾天气观测中的应用     

王宏斌  吴泓  李永  徐家平  祖繁  张志薇 《气象》2020,46(1):89-97

2018年3月28—30日、6月20—26日和9月5—13日在江苏省盐城市射阳站开展了旋翼无人机大气边界层垂直结构观测试验,并与L波段雷达探空资料进行对比,验证无人机观测资料精度。结果表明无人机观测的温度、相对湿度、风向、风速廓线与探空观测资料具有较好的一致性。二者温度、相对湿度的相关系数均为0.98,温度绝对偏差为0.57℃,相对湿度绝对偏差为4.25%,风向相关系数为0.98,绝对偏差为11.5°,二者风速的相关系数为0.91,绝对偏差为1.88 m·s~(-1),且无人机探测的风速为对应高度上的瞬时风速,可以更好地反映出边界层内风速细节变化特征。试验期间,无人机观测到一次夏季浓雾过程边界层结构细致变化特征,其观测的雾的边界层结构特征和宏观特征与探空观测基本一致。验证结果表明无人机在边界层气象观测中具有很好的应用前景。  相似文献   

FY2海面温度产品质量检验方法与误差分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王素娟  陆风  张鹏  张晓虎  崔鹏  王维和 《气象》2013,39(10):1331-1336

主要介绍了风云二号静止气象卫星海面温度产品的质量检验方法及检验流程,给出了FY2E业务海面温度产品和FY2F海面温度算法的质量检验结果,并从误差统计、反演算法、系统设计等方面分析了目前FY2海面温度产品与国外卫星海面温度产品差异大的原因。现场海面温度质量检验和分析场海面温度交叉检验各有优缺点。现场海面温度质量检验能够对FY2 SST产品给于客观的评价。国外分析场海面温度具有时效性好、全球覆盖且质量均一的优点,分析场海面温度交叉检验能满足FY2 SST质量检验的时效性,是对FY2 SST的相对检验。通过静止卫星海面温度产品质量检验信息可以为产品研发人员和相关用户提供参考。  相似文献   

Optimal liability apportionment in programmatic credit-based emissions trading     

Katja S. Halbritter 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):440-452

The inclusion of Programmes of Activities (PoAs) within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been limited by the fact that third-party project validators, who determine the eligibility of a CDM Project Activity (CPA), are currently held liable for any certificates that are erroneously issued. As such, validators must replace any credits issued for the relevant CPA. Moreover, the risk associated with the validation of small-scale CPAs is considerably higher than that associated with traditional CDM projects. Using a simple game-theory model to model the interactions between project validators and coordinators, it is shown that shifting liability for certificates that are erroneously included – from the former to the latter – is never optimal, does not provide a strong enough incentive to enforce first-best levels of due care in CPA selection and inclusion, and can induce overprovision in validation efforts. The main problem with such a simple proportionate liability regime is that an increase in incentives for one player automatically leads to a decrease in incentives for the other. Two additional instruments are also considered that would both rectify this problem and improve the environmental integrity of the CDM mechanism.  相似文献   

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS REGRESSION FOR ROUTINE MULTICOMPONENT UV DETERMINATIONS: A VALIDATION PROTOCOL     

PAULJ.GEMPERLINE  ALGER SALT 《地理学报(英文版)》1989,(1)

A validation protocol for multicomponent spectroscopic assays based on principal componentsregression is described. Factorial design and hypothesis tests are used to establish the linearity andabsence of interaction between components in the regression model. Testing considers multiple responsevariables simultaneously so that correlation between residuals is properly treated. Assay reproducibilityand sensitivity to related substances are evaluated.  相似文献   

Measurements of Flows Over Isolated Valleys     

Brian?Garvey  Ian?P.?CastroEmail author  Giles?Wiggs  Joanna?Bullard 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,117(3):417-446

Wind-tunnel measurements of the flow over an isolated valley both normal and at an angle (45°) to a simulated neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer are presented. Attention is concentrated on the nature of the flow within the valley itself. The work formed part of a wider study that included detailed field measurements around an African desert valley and some limited comparisons with that work are included. A scale of about 1:1000 was used for the laboratory work, in which an appropriate combination of hot wire and particle image velocimetry was employed. For a valley normal to the upwind flow, it is shown that the upstream influence of the valley extends to a distance of at least one half of the axial valley width upstream of the leading edge, whereas differences in mean flow and turbulence could be identified well beyond two valley widths from the downwind edge. Non-normal wind angles lead to significant along-valley flows within the valley and, even at two valley heights above the valley ridge level, there remains a significant spanwise flow component. Downwind turbulence levels are somewhat lower in this case, but are still considerably higher than in the undisturbed boundary layer. At both flow angles, there are significant recirculation regions within the valleys, starting from mean separation just beyond the leading edge, but the strong spanwise flow in the 45° case reduces the axial extent of the separated zone. The flow is shown to be in some ways analogous to flow over an isolated hill. Our results usefully enhance the field data and could be used to improve modelling of saltation processes in the field.  相似文献   

A comparison of MODIS-derived cloud amount with visual surface observations   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Andrzej Z. Kotarba   《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):522-530

Two main sources for global cloud climatologies are visual surface observations and observations made by spaceborne sensors. Satellite observations compared with surface data show in most cases differences ranging from − 15% up to − 1%, depending on sensor and observation conditions. These differences are partially controlled by sensors' cloud detection capabilities — a higher number of spectral bands and higher spatial resolution are believed to allow discrimination of clouds from land/ocean/snow background. A Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) produces images of the atmosphere in 36 spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 250–1000 m, thus having a capacity for cloud detection far more advanced than other operating sensors. In this study, instantaneous MODIS cloud observations were compared with surface data for Poland for January (winter) and July (summer) 2004. It was found that MODIS observed 4.38% greater cloud amount in summer conditions and 7.28% in winter conditions. Differences were greater at night (7–8%) than in daytime (0.5–7%) and correlations ranged between 0.577 (winter night) and 0.843 (winter day, summer day and night).  相似文献   

Present-day climatology and projected changes of warm and cold days in the CNRM-CM3 global climate model     

J. Ballester  H. Douville  F. Chauvin 《Climate Dynamics》2009,32(1):35-54

The impact of global warming on the warmest and coldest days of the annual cycle is explored according to an A2 scenario simulated by the CNRM-CM3 climate model in the framework of the IPCC AR4 intercomparison. Given the multi-model spread in IPCC projections, a validation strategy is proposed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Validation of the late twentieth century model climatology shows that warm and cold model events are slightly too long and infrequent. Although interannual trends in the warm (cold) day occurrence were positive (negative) only for six (three) of the nine considered sub-continental regions, simulated model trends are always positive (negative). This different behaviour suggests that simulated non-anthropogenic decadal variability is small relative to anthropogenic trends. Large-scale synoptic processes associated with European regional warm and cold peaks are also described and validated. Regional cold peaks are better reproduced than warm peaks, whose intensity accuracy is limited by other physical variables. Positive (negative) winter anomalies of sea and land surface temperature lead to summers with severe (weak) temperatures. These inter-annual anomalies are generated by a persistent pressure dipole over Europe. Regarding climate change, warm (cold) events will become more (less) frequent and longer (shorter). The number of warm days will largely rise and the number of cold days will dramatically decrease. The intensity of warm days will be particularly pronounced over Europe, given the projected summer drying in this region. However, according to the limited skill of the CNRM model, these results must be considered with caution.  相似文献   

Intermittent Bursting of Turbulence in a Stable Boundary Layer with Low-level Jet   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Yuji Ohya  Reina Nakamura  Takanori Uchida 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,126(3):349-363

The atmospheric stable boundary layer (SBL) with a low-level jet is simulated experimentally using a thermally stratified wind tunnel. The turbulence structure and flow characteristics are investigated by simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature fluctuations and by flow visualization. Attention is focused on the effect of strong wind shear due to a low-level jet on stratified boundary layers with strong stability. Occasional bursting of turbulence in the lower portion of the boundary layer can be found in the SBL with strong stability. This bursting originates aloft away from the surface and transports fluid with relatively low velocity and temperature upward and fluid with relatively high velocity and temperature downward. Furthermore, the relationship between the occurrence of turbulence bursting and the local gradient Richardson number (Ri) is investigated. The Ri becomes larger than the critical Ri, Ri_cr = 0.25, in quiescent periods. On the other hand, the Ri number becomes smaller than Ri_cr during bursting events.  相似文献