A Review of “Mobilities and Health”     

James L. Wilson 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):624-626

In this article, we examine graffiti abatement policies and programs in three West Coast U.S. cities: Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle. Through this analysis, several similarities in the graffiti abatement efforts of each city emerged. Since the 1990s, graffiti abatement efforts in these cities have become increasingly formalized and coordinated. By the early 2000s, the cities of Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle adopted zero-tolerance approaches toward handling graffiti and those caught making graffiti. City governments have placed increasing responsibility for cleaning up graffiti on private property onto property owners. Despite the increased coordination and effort, annual abatement estimates are hard to obtain because tracking spending on graffiti abatement across agencies and bureaus is difficult and often the cities do not comprehensively compile these data.  相似文献   

Probabilistic landslide risk analysis considering direct costs in the area north of Lisbon (Portugal)   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

J.L. Zêzere  R.A.C. Garcia  S.C. Oliveira  E. Reis 《Geomorphology》2008,94(3-4):467

The purpose of the present study is the analysis of landslide risk for roads and buildings in a small test site (20 km²) in the area north of Lisbon (Portugal). For this purpose, an evaluation is performed integrating into a GIS information obtained from multiple sources: (i) landslide hazard; (ii) elements at risk; and (iii) vulnerability. Landslide hazard is assessed on a probabilistic basis for three different types of slope movement (shallow translational slides, translational slides and rotational slides), based on some assumptions such as: (i) the likelihood of future landslide occurrence can be measured through statistical relationships between past landslide distribution and specified spatial data sets considered as landslide predisposing factors; and (ii) the rainfall combination (amount–duration) responsible for past slope instability within the test site will produce the same effects (i.e. same type of landslides and similar total affected area), each time they occur in the future. When the return period of rainfall triggering events is known, different scenarios can be modelled, each one ascribed to a specific return period. Therefore, landslide hazard is quantitatively assessed on a raster basis, and is expressed as the probability for each pixel (25 m²) to be affected by a future landslide, considering a rainfall triggering scenario with a specific return period. Elements at risk within the test site include 2561 buildings and roads amounting to 169 km. Values attributed to elements at risk were defined considering reconstruction costs, following the guidelines of the Portuguese Insurance Institute. Vulnerability is considered as the degree of loss to a given element resulting from the occurrence of a landslide of a given magnitude. Vulnerability depends not only on structural properties of exposed elements, but also on the type of process, and its magnitude; i.e., vulnerability cannot be defined in absolute terms, but only with respect to a specific process (e.g. vulnerability to shallow translational slides). Therefore, vulnerability was classified for the three landslide groups considered on hazard assessment, taking into account: (i) landslide magnitude (mean depth, volume, velocity); (ii) damage levels produced by past landslide events in the study area; and (iii) literature. Finally, a landslide risk analysis considering direct costs was made in an automatic way crossing the following three layers: (i) Probabilistic hazard map for a landslide type Z, considering a particular rainfall triggering scenario whose return period is known; (ii) Vulnerability map (values from 0 to 1) of the exposed elements to landslide type Z; and (iii) Value map of the exposed elements, considering reconstruction costs.  相似文献   

基于交易费用的旅游回扣分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘月  姚国荣 《云南地理环境研究》2009,21(6):77-81

运用新制度经济学中的产权理论、交易费用理论、制度变迁理论、微观经济学理论,对旅游业回扣存在的原因进行了分析,认为旅游回扣存在主要是由于旅游作为一个特殊产品的产权界定困难,制度变迁成本高,利益相关主体的机会主义行为等。  相似文献   

气候工程的经济评估和治理核心问题探讨     

张莹  陈迎  潘家华 《气候变化研究进展》2016,12(5):442-449

气候工程技术可以被视作可替代传统减排措施的备选项,主要包括太阳辐射管理和CO2移除两大类技术。两类气候工程技术与传统减排方法的空间、时间、成本、不确定性和风险等方面都具有一些差异性。气候工程技术手段改变了传统的国际气候制度构建基础,产生了一些新的治理问题。对该问题的科学研究,有重要的科学、政策和国际气候外交意义。  相似文献   

Development and assessment of damage‐to‐loss models for moment‐frame reinforced concrete buildings          下载免费PDF全文

Luís Martins  Vítor Silva  Mário Marques  Helen Crowley  Raimundo Delgado 《地震工程与结构动力学》2016,45(5):797-817

The assessment of earthquake loss often requires the definition of a relation between a measure of damage and a quantity of loss, usually achieved through the employment of a damage‐to‐loss model. These models are frequently characterized by a large variability, which inevitably increases the uncertainty in the vulnerability assessment and earthquake loss estimation. This study provides an insight on the development of damage‐to‐loss functions for moment‐frame reinforced concrete buildings through an analytical methodology. Tri‐dimensional finite element models of existing reinforced concrete buildings were subjected to a number of ground motion records compatible with the seismicity in the region of interest, through nonlinear dynamic analysis. These results were used to assess, for a number of damage states, the probability distribution of loss ratio, taking into consideration member damage and different repair techniques, as well as to derive sets of fragility functions. Then, a vulnerability model (in terms of the ratio of cost of repair to cost of replacement, conditional on the level of ground shaking intensity) was derived and compared with the vulnerability functions obtained through the combination of various damage‐to‐loss models with the set of fragility functions developed herein. In order to provide realistic estimates of economic losses due to seismic action, a comprehensive study on repair costs using current Portuguese market values was also carried out. The results of this study highlight important issues in the derivation of vulnerability functions, which are a fundamental component for an adequate seismic risk assessment. © 2015 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

中国省际资源环境成本及生态负荷强度的时空演变分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑德凤  臧正  赵良仕  孙才志 《地理科学》2014,34(6):672-680

为了科学地评价区域生态系统对经济与社会发展的服务支撑能力,引入生态系统服务理论等构建资源环境成本及绿色GDP核算、生态负荷强度模型,计算出中国31个省区2001~2012年的资源环境成本、生态负荷强度,在此基础上利用探索性空间数据分析方法对2001年以来中国省区的生态负荷强度随时间演变的趋势及其空间分布特征进行分析和探讨（港澳台除外）。结果表明,在研究时段内中国省区的资源环境成本由16.83×10¹²元攀升到25.24×10¹²元（2001年可比价）,生态负荷强度由1.55下降到0.45;中国生态负荷强度呈西北、东部沿海地区集聚的空间分布特征,其中西北为高-高、东部沿海为低-低集聚区;这种西、东集聚现象的显著性在研究时段内逐渐减弱,空间负相关区域增加到11个、具有持续扩张的趋势,区域生态效益或经济效益持续向周边溢出。  相似文献   

The social cost of fishery subsidy reforms     

《Marine Policy》2017

This paper analyzes the impact of reducing fisheries subsidies in a general equilibrium model for a fishery with heterogeneous vessels. It considers the impact of the stock effect, which determines the participation of vessels in a likely increased stock abundance. In equilibrium, the productivity of the fleet is endogenous as it depends on the stock of fish along the equilibrium path. The model concludes that any impact of a subsidy drop will depend on the stock effect. If that effect is large, fishing firms will benefit from the stock recovery and the elimination of the subsidy will increase future returns on investment. The model is particularised to industrial shrimp fisheries in Mexico. It is shown that the complete elimination of a subsidy increases biomass, capitalisation, marginal productivity, and consumption and reduces inequality when the effect of the induced increase in the stock is considered. However, if that effect is not considered, capital and consumption decrease, and inequality and hence, the social costs of a subsidy drop, increase.  相似文献   

基于环境CGE模型的鄱阳湖流域氮磷排放调控方案及影响模拟   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

吴锋  邓祥征  林英志 《地球信息科学学报》2010,12(1):26-33

本文基于我国2007年投入产出表和引力模型假设条件下的中国多区域社会经济核算矩阵(SAM)数据库,构建了可计算一般均衡理论和数学优化求解思想的环境CGE(ECGE)模型;并以鄱阳湖流域为研究案例区,设计了两种水质目标下的四种氮、磷营养盐排放调控方案,分别探讨并综合比对了其对江西省及全国其他地区经济增长的影响,为寻求实现鄱阳湖流域经济增长与入湖氮、磷营养盐减排达标的双重目标提供了决策参考信息。研究结果表明,以Ⅲ类水质为控制目标,仅对氮、磷营养盐高排放产业实施减排调控的鄱阳湖流域氮、磷营养盐排放调控方案既能满足当地人们生活改善与区域经济增长的基本要求,又能够通过排污外部成本内在化推动科技投入和生产工艺的改进以不断减少氮、磷营养盐的排放,最终实现人与自然的和谐发展。  相似文献   

基于产权经济学“交易费用”理论的生态补偿机制建设   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

冯凌 《地理科学进展》2010,29(5)

生态补偿是调整损害与保护生态环境主体间利益关系的一种制度安排,也是保护生态环境的有效激励机制。基于对生态补偿等资源环境领域公共品和外部性的传统认识,相比国外,国内目前相关实践和研究尚处于政府主导的公共性转移支付阶段。随着交通通讯的发展、生态消费理念的兴起和社会支付意愿的增强,生态旅游等市场化消费方式日趋增多,生态产权交易制度日趋成熟和完善,生态服务市场价值实现的交易成本也逐渐降低。因此,生态补偿应针对不同生态系统和生态服务类型属性,以产权经济学交易费用理论为依据,逐步推进市场化制度体系建设。对案例的搜集分析、土地管理等相关制度的深入及社区参与的跟踪,有助于该领域机制研究的深化。  相似文献   

Carbon prices and greenhouse gases abatement from agriculture,forestry and land use in Nepal     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

The Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector as a whole accounts for more than 80% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in Nepal. This study estimates the GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector in the business as usual (BAU) case during 2010–2050 and identifies the economically attractive countermeasures to abate GHG emissions from the sector at different carbon prices. It also estimates the carbon price elasticity of GHG abatement from the sector. The study finds that enteric fermentation processes in the livestock and emissions from agricultural soils are the two major contributors of GHG emission in AFOLU sector. It identifies no-regret abatement options in the AFOLU sector that could mitigate about 41.5% of the total GHG emission during 2016–2050 in the BAU scenario. There would be a net cumulative carbon sequestration of 16 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e) at $10 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e) during the period. Carbon price above $75/tCO₂e is not found to be much effective in achieving significant additional reduction in GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector.  相似文献