Synchronous Scan and Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosols     

Regina M.B.O. Duarte  Casimiro A. Pio  Armando C. Duarte 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,48(2):157-171

Three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) from aerosol samples were measured and compared with those reported in the literature for natural dissolved organic matter. The EEM profiles of the WSOC presented three characteristic excitation/emission (_Exc/_Em) peaks: 240/405 nm, 310/405 nm and 280/340 nm. The fluorescence intensities at _Exc/_Em240/405 nm and _Exc/_Em310/405 nm are located at wavelengths shorter than those reported for aquatic humic substances, indicating a smaller content of both aromatic structures and condensed unsaturated bond systems in the WSOC fraction. The EEM profiles of fractions obtained by the isolation procedure of the WSOC by the XAD resins showed that a fractionation has occurred and the XAD-8 eluate is highly representative of the total WSOC of collected aerosol. Synchronous scan spectra were more detailed than conventional fluorescence emission spectra, appearing more suitable for studying multicomponent samples such as the WSOC from atmospheric aerosols.  相似文献   

Remote sensing of spectral signatures of tropospheric aerosols     

M. B. Potdar  S. A. Sharma  V. Y. Parikh  P. C. S. Devara  P. E. Raj  Y. K. Tiwari  R. S. Maheskumar  K. K. Dani  S. K. Saha  S. M. Sonbawne  Y. Jaya Rao  G. Pandithurai 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(1):103-116

With the launch of the German Aerospace Agency's (DLR) Modular Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS) sensor on board the Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS-P3) launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in March 1996, 13 channel multi-spectral data in the range of 408 to 1010 nm at high radiometric resolution, precision, and with narrow spectral bands have been available for a variety of land, atmospheric and oceanic studies. We found that these data are best for validation of radiative transfer model and the corresponding code developed by one of the authors at Space Applications Centre, and called ATMRAD (abbreviated for ATMospheric RADiation). Once this model/code is validated, it can be used for retrieving information on tropospheric aerosols over ocean or land. This paper deals with two clear objectives, viz.,

1	Validation of ATMRAD model/code using MOS data and synchronously measured atmospheric data, and if found performing well, then to
2	derive relationship between MOS radiances and Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT).

The data validation procedure essentially involves

–	•near-synchronous measurements of columnar aerosol optical thickness and altitude profiles of aerosol concentration using ground-based multi-filter solar radiometers and Argon-ion Lidar, respectively and
–	•computation of the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiances from a low reflecting target (near clear water reservoir in the present study) using the ATMRAD model.

The results show that the model performance is satisfactory and a relationship between the spectral parameters of MOS radiances and aerosol optical thickness can be established. In this communication, we present the details of the experiments conducted, database, validation of the ATMRAD model and development of the relationship between AOT and MOS radiance.  相似文献   

Sulfur,chlorine, and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the 1783–1784 AD Laki (Skaftár Fires) eruption in Iceland     

T. Thordarson  S. Self  N. Óskarsson  T. Hulsebosch 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(2-3):205-225

 The 1783–1784 Laki tholeiitic basalt fissure eruption in Iceland was one of the greatest atmospheric pollution events of the past 250 years, with widespread effects in the northern hemisphere. The degassing history and volatile budget of this event are determined by measurements of pre-eruption and residual contents of sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine in the products of all phases of the eruption. In fissure eruptions such as Laki, degassing occurs in two stages: by explosive activity or lava fountaining at the vents, and from the lava as it flows away from the vents. Using the measured sulfur concentrations in glass inclusions in phenocrysts and in groundmass glasses of quenched eruption products, we calculate that the total accumulative atmospheric mass loading of sulfur dioxide was 122 Mt over a period of 8 months. This volatile release is sufficient to have generated ∼250 Mt of H₂SO₄ aerosols, an amount which agrees with an independent estimate of the Laki aerosol yield based on atmospheric turbidity measurements. Most of this volatile mass (∼60 wt.%) was released during the first 1.5 months of activity. The measured chlorine and fluorine concentrations in the samples indicate that the atmospheric loading of hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid was ∼7.0 and 15.0 Mt, respectively. Furthermore, ∼75% of the volatile mass dissolved by the Laki magma was released at the vents and carried by eruption columns to altitudes between 6 and 13 km. The high degree of degassing at the vents is attributed to development of a separated two-phase flow in the upper magma conduit, and implies that high-discharge basaltic eruptions such as Laki are able to loft huge quantities of gas to altitudes where the resulting aerosols can reside for months or even 1–2 years. The atmospheric volatile contribution due to subsequent degassing of the Laki lava flow is only 18 wt.% of the total dissolved in the magma, and these emissions were confined to the lowest regions of the troposphere and therefore important only over Iceland. This study indicates that determination of the amount of sulfur degassed from the Laki magma batch by measurements of sulfur in the volcanic products (the petrologic method) yields a result which is sufficient to account for the mass of aerosols estimated by other methods. Received: 30 May 1995 / Accepted: 19 April 1996  相似文献   

大气颗粒物中铅的序列提取与分析表征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李显芳  王英华刘锋 刘咸德 《岩矿测试》2005,24(1):13-18

用石英纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物样品,采用序列提取的方法把铅的总量分成环境可迁移态、碳酸盐和氧化物态、有机质和残渣态3个分量,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅的浓度,仪器检出限为1μg/L。对实际大气颗粒物样品进行序列提取,5份平行的序列提取3个分量测定及加和值的RSD分别为7.1%、3.3%、7.3%、5.0%。该样品三级序列提取的加和值(756μg/g)约为总量测定(738μg/g)的102%,两组数据一致性良好,且环境可迁移态、碳酸盐和氧化物态、有机质和残渣态的铅分别为加和值的64%、17%和20%。对几种典型的铅污染源排放样品进行序列提取和分析测定,不同源排放样品的形态特征各有特点,说明该序列提取的方案是可行的,达到了将不同形态的铅化合物分开的目的。  相似文献   

Asian dustfall in the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Christian Zdanowicz  Gwendy Hall  Yuri Amelin  Isabelle Girard  Aloys Bory 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(14):3493-3507

In April 2001, a major atmospheric dustfall event occurred in the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada. Field samples were collected and analyzed for particle size, mineralogy, chemical composition and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes. Dusts found above ∼3000 m had their source in the Gobi desert region of northern China and Inner Mongolia, and were transported to the Yukon following a series of major dust storms that took place in early April. Dusts found below 3000 m had local (Yukon) or mixed source(s). The Asian dusts had a modal volume diameter of ∼4 μm typical of far-traveled mineral aerosols. However larger (>10 μm) particles were also found at ∼5000 m, suggesting a very rapid trans-Pacific transport in the mid-troposphere. We estimate that the April 2001 event deposited from 5500 to 6335 tons of dust over an area of 21,000 km² in the southwestern Yukon, most of which probably fell within a week. Our findings are consistent with instrumental observations and model simulations of the April 2001 event. While the dust cloud was reportedly mixed with volatile pollutants from Asia, we found no evidence of metal pollution associated with the dustfall in the Yukon. Our findings contribute to clarify the dynamics and the geochemical impact of Asian dust long-range transport events, and to better estimate eolian fluxes of dustborne elements (e.g., Fe) to the Ocean associated with such events. They may also assist in identifying past Asian dust events in ice cores drilled from the St. Elias Mountains icefields, to develop a long-term record of their frequency, magnitude and source(s).  相似文献   

A study of the attachment of radon daughter atoms to aerosol particles     

M. C. Subba Ramu  T. S. Muraleedharan  K. G. Vohra 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(1):133-140

Previous studies of the attachment of radon daughter atoms to aerosol particles in the atmospheric air have given varying results, a few of which did not conform to the diffusion theory developed byLassen andRau (1960). Our studies suggest that the radiolytic aerosols formed by gas-phase reactions in the presence of ionizing radiations interfere in the studies carried out with known aerosols. Radiolytic aerosols are formed spontaneously in the system, depending on the concentrations of aerosol-forming gases in the atmospheric air. It is shown that, under experimental conditions which suppressed the formation of radiolytic aerosols, the attachment rates of Ra-A atoms to aerosol particles in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 m in diameter agree with the diffusion theory developed byLassen andRau (1960). Such investigations of the interactions between atoms, molecules, ions, and aerosol particles are highly useful in atmospheric tracer studies.  相似文献   

黄土高原半干旱区典型日吸收性气溶胶综合观测分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙乃秀  张镭  徐丽丽  王雯璟 《大气科学》2018,42(2):323-338

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站的太阳光度计、激光雷达、微波辐射计综合观测资料,结合辐射传输模式分析了该地区秋季典型日2012年9月3~4日、21日和28日气溶胶物理特性、垂直分布特征,及其与气象条件的关系。研究时期的气溶胶主要为局地沙尘与人为污染混合气溶胶,吸收性明显,尺度较小。其中,4日西北风增强,远距离传输沙尘气溶胶,气溶胶光学厚度最大,粒子尺度明显增大。尝试利用灰色关联度法确定参考高度,分别为7.41 km、8.47 km、7.13 km和7.66 km,反演气溶胶消光系数,由此积分得到的光学厚度与太阳光度计观测值相关性可达0.975,反演效果较好。研究时期气溶胶的抬升主要受白天热力湍流作用,边界层发展,气溶胶向上传输,每日12时（当地时间,下同）至14时传输至最大高度,气溶胶抬升的高度对应大气加热率的高值区,低层加热率可达1 K d-1。气溶胶在大气层顶和地面造成负辐射强迫,分别为-12.707 W m-2、-25.398 W m-2,大气中表现为正辐射强迫,为12.692 W m-2,大气层顶的辐射强迫对气溶胶的物理特性最为敏感,当气溶胶吸收性明显时,大气层顶的瞬时辐射强迫会出现正值。  相似文献   

Trends in the Different Grades of Precipitation over South China during 1960–2010 and the Possible Link with Anthropogenic Aerosols简     

FU Chuanbo  DAN Li 《大气科学进展》2014,31(2):480-491

Using observed daily precipitation data to classify five levels of rainy days by strength in South China （SC）,with an emphasis on the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region,the spatiotemporal variation of different grades of precipitation during the period 1960-2010 was analyzed and the possible link with anthropogenic aerosols examined.Statistical analysis showed that drizzle and small precipitation has significantly decreased,whereas medium to heavy precipitation has increased slightly over the past 50 years （although not statistically significant）.Further data analysis suggested that the decline in drizzle and small precipitation probably has a strong link to increased concentrations of anthropogenic aerosols produced by large-scale human activities related to the rapid socioeconomic development of the PRD region.These aerosols may also have led to the obvious decreasing trend in horizontal visibility and sunshine duration in SC,which is statistically significant according to the t-test.  相似文献   

Climate Change in the Subtropical Jetstream during 1950–2009   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. Abish  P. V. Joseph  Ola. M. Johannessen 《大气科学进展》2015,32(1):140-148

A study of six decades(1950–2009) of reanalysis data reveals that the subtropical jetstream(STJ) of the Southern(Northern) Hemisphere between longitudes 0°E and 180°E has weakened(strengthened) during both the boreal winter(January,February) and summer(July, August) seasons. The temperature of the upper troposphere of the midlatitudes has a warming trend in the Southern Hemisphere and a cooling trend in the Northern Hemisphere. Correspondingly, the north–south temperature gradient in the upper troposphere has a decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere and an increasing trend in the Northern Hemisphere, which affects the strength of the STJ through the thermal wind relation. We devised a method of isotach analysis in intervals of 0.1 m s-1in vertical sections of hemispheric mean winds to study the climate change in the STJ core wind speed, and also core height and latitude. We found that the upper tropospheric cooling of the Asian mid-latitudes has a role in the strengthening of the STJ over Asia, while throughout the rest of the globe the upper troposphere has a warming trend that weakens the STJ. Available studies show that the mid-latitude cooling of the upper troposphere over Asia is caused by anthropogenic aerosols(particularly sulphate aerosols) and the warming over the rest of the global mid-latitude upper troposphere is due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.  相似文献   

基于微脉冲激光雷达观测资料的半干旱区沙尘天气消光效应分析     

宋嘉尧  张文煜  张宇  田梦 《干旱气象》2013,(4):672-676

利用兰州大学半干旱区气候与环境观测站（SOCAL）的微脉冲激光雷达（MPL）2008年4月30日至5月2日观测资料,对晴朗天气、浮沉天气及扬沙天气过程中气溶胶垂直分布的连续变化、物理机制进行了对比分析与探讨。结果表明MPL很好地反映出不同天气过程中大气气溶胶廓线的日变化特征：受人类活动影响,天气晴朗时,早晨9时开始在0—2km范围出现气溶胶聚集区,持续至15时,气溶胶平均消光系数〈0．20km-1;受沙尘输送影响,浮尘天气时,气溶胶聚集区高度范围为1—2km,高层气溶胶富集区高度范围为5—7km,气溶胶平均消光系数0．38km-1;扬沙天气时,气溶胶聚集区高度范围为0—1km,浓度远大于浮尘天气,但高层气溶胶浓度较小且分布较均匀,气溶胶平均消光系数〉0．50km-1。  相似文献