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71.
J.F. Dumont E. Santana F. Valdez J.P. Tihay P. Usselmann D. Iturralde E. Navarette 《Geomorphology》2006,74(1-4):100-123
The San Lorenzo area belongs to the Esmeraldas–Tumaco seismic zone where some of the strongest earthquakes of South America occurred during the 20th century. This paper provides evidence for a succession of geomorphic changes characterized by the disruption of the Quaternary drainage network and the reshaping of the Cayapas–Santiago estuary. The rise of the La Boca uplift bordered by the La Boca and San Lorenzo faults is responsible for the southward diversion of the Palabi, Tululbi, Bogotá and Carolina rivers toward the Santiago and Cayapas rivers. The increase of the discharge directed to the Cayapas River generated the change of the channel pattern downstream from the confluence, and the avulsion of a new estuary through the coastal plain. According to the dating of beach ridges the avulsion occurred in the period 3200–2800 BP. This period corresponds also to a faster accretion of the beach ridge margin, interpreted as a response to a small uplift of the shore. The coherency of the three morphologic evidences—diversion of drainage network, avulsion and increase of coastal accretion—suggest a unique morphotectonic event, in relation with the activity of the Esmaraldas–Tumaco seismic zone. The opening of a direct communication through the mangrove margin may have brought favorable conditions for the development of the La Tolita archaeological site after 3000 BP. 相似文献
72.
Land use change has been recognized throughout the Earth as one of the most important factors influencing the occurrence of rainfall-driven geomorphological processes. However, relating the occurrence of historical soil erosion rates is difficult because of the lack of long-term research projects in river basins. Also, complex models are not adequate to reconstruct erosion rate changes because they require significant input data not always available on long timescales. Given the problems with assessing sediment yield using complex erosion models, the objective of this study is to explore a parsimonious scale-adapted erosion model (ADT) from the original Thornes and Douglas algorithms, which aims at reconstruction of annual net erosion (ANE) upon multisecular timescales. As a test site, the Calore River basin (3015 km2 in southern Italy) provides a peculiar and unique opportunity for modelling erosion responses to climate and land cover changes, where input-data generation and interpretation results were also supported by documented hydrogeomorphological events that occurred before and after land deforestation. In this way, ANEADT-values were reconstructed for the period 1675–2004 by using precipitation indexes, complemented by recent instrumental records, and by using land cover statistics from documented agrarian sources. Pulses of natural sedimentation in the predeforestation period have been related to Vesuvius volcanic activity and changes in rainstorm frequency. After deforestation, the basin system became unstable with sudden fluctuations in the hydrogeomorphological regime contributing significantly to increased erosion and, in turn, sediment transport sequences via river drainage towards the Tyrrhenian coast. 相似文献
73.
华南地区晚二叠和晚三叠世煤中稀土元素特征研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在华南地区贵州六盘水、江西乐平、露庆和湖北黄石矿区晚二叠和晚三叠世煤层的稀土元素ICP—MS分析数据的基础上,系统研究了研究区煤中稀土元素的含萤分布特征、赋存特征、配分模式以及地质控制因素。含量分布表明晚二叠世稀土元素含量总体高于晚三叠世;煤中稀土元素与灰分成正相关关系,部分煤样品由于有富稀土元素的重矿物组合的存在而出现稀土元素的异常高值;同一矿区、同一时代煤中稀土元素的配分模式具有一定的相似性,而不同地区同一时代和同一地区不同时代煤中稀土元素的配分模式具有较大差异;煤的沉积环境,煤中无机矿物组成以及海水的影响是控制煤中稀土元素含量和配分模式的主要地质因素。 相似文献
74.
通过对淮北煤田孙庄勘探区地质构造、沉积特征、煤层煤质及煤层气赋存特征的分析,研究认为有利于本区煤层气赋存的主要因素是较大的埋藏深度、较高的壳质组+镜质组、较高的变质程度、较大的煤层厚度、低透气性的盖层、较缓的地层倾角和封闭性较好的构造条件,推测煤田深部可能具有一定工业价值的煤层气资源。 相似文献
75.
A design procedure is proposed to minimize water infiltration into landfills by optimizing the water diversion length of inclined
covers with capillary barrier effect (CCBE). This design procedure is based on a conceptual, mathematical and numerical approach
and aims at selecting materials and optimizing layer thickness. Selection among candidate materials is made based on their
hydraulic conductivity functions and on a threshold infiltration rate imposed on the designer. The capillary break layer (CBL;
bottom layer) is characterized by a weak capillarity, while the moisture retention layer (MRL; upper layer) is characterized
by a compromise between strong capillarity and high hydraulic conductivity. The thickness of the CBL corresponds to the height
where suction reaches its maximum value for a given infiltration rate. This height can be calculated using the Kisch [Géotechnique 9 (1959)] model. The optimal thickness of the MRL is determined by applying an adaptation of the Ross [Water Resources Research 26 (1990)] model. The results obtained using the proposed design procedure were compared to those obtained from numerical simulations
performed using a finite element unsaturated seepage software. The procedure was applied for two cover systems; one where
deinking by-products (DBP) were used as MRL and sand as CBL and another where sand was used as MRL and gravel as CBL. Using
this procedure, it has been shown that an infiltration control system composed of thin layers of sand over gravel is highly
efficient in terms of diversion length and that its efficiency can be enhanced by placing a hydraulic barrier – such as a
layer of DBP – above the MRL. 相似文献
76.
Skier-triggered avalanches are the main cause of avalanche accidents in backcountry skiing. The risk of accidents during backcountry
skiing was analysed statistically and related to factors such as elevation level, aspect, stability rating and the time of
the year. The analysis is based on a database about terrain usage and avalanche accidents from a large heli-skiing operator
in Canada, which makes it possible to study the conditional probability of accidents given the recorded pattern of terrain
usage. This study shows that the historical risk of accidentally triggering an avalanche greater than size 1 depends highly
on the stability rating, with the highest risk occurring during “poor” stability. The risk is greater at high elevations,
and it is lower during the late season than earlier on. Skier risk does not depend as much on aspect as may be indicated from
avalanche data alone. However, it is relatively high in the N–NE–E sector. These factors are not independent of each other
and therefore analyses of combined factors were also performed. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gain knowledge
about the terrain selection of professional mountain guides. These results indicate that when selecting terrain, guides first
look at the overall shape and size of the terrain, but avalanche history of terrain and inclination are also important factors.
Finally, remarks in avalanche reports were analysed, and common human factors identified. 相似文献
77.
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80.
泥石流汇流槽可靠度分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
汇流槽是泥石流治理工程中常用的工程措施之一。文章基于汇流槽的倾倒破坏、滑移破坏及地基破坏模式,通过对汇流槽设计影响强烈的岩土参数、几何特征、荷载因素等敏感因子的求解方法及分布特征分析,从汇流槽的抗倾稳定、抗滑稳定和基底应力要求三方面建立极限状态方程。对于每个极限状态方程,在泰勒级数对非线性极限状态方程线性化后,运用一次二阶矩的理论,先假定失效点P^*,求解出相应的均值和方差。然后根据可靠的定义,得到相应的可靠度指标,通过迭代法求解真正失效点的可靠度指标βi。最后根据3个状态方程相互独立的假定,得出整个结构的可靠度指标β。该方法在平川泥石流防治工程中得到了成功的运用。这对于可靠度设计方法在泥石流防治工程中的运用进行了有益的探讨。 相似文献