周向应力在地壳运动中的作用     

毛小平  陆旭凌弘  王晓明  范晓杰  耿涛  王昊宸 《地学前缘》2020,27(1):221-233

地壳运动的驱动力一直存在争议。目前虽然提出了很多假说,但这些假说所描述的驱动力数量级均较小,不足以推动地壳运动;另外,大量实际地应力测量表明,水平主压应力在三个地应力分量中最大,被看作地壳“异常”压力,其机理也没有统一的认识。因此,有必要弄清楚地壳运动的动力来源是什么及为什么会出现这种水平应力占主导的现象。受背斜构造或石拱桥的侧向支撑的启发,通过地球模型受力分析得出,地壳作为球壳在自重下会相互挤压,在圆周方向产生很强的周向应力。周向应力大于重力,且由重力派生,和实测的地应力特征是一致的。推测该应力在20 km深处约为900 MPa,足以驱动板块运动(>500 MPa)。因软流圈是可流动的,其上面的岩石圈只要存在薄弱带,该应力就会释放,板块之间从而产生相对运动。整个洋壳和拱桥类似,在该力的作用下,会在俯冲带处下插至陆壳深部,俯冲带就是岩石圈的薄弱区,它因此会承担部分甚至全部洋壳的重量。最后提出,没有独立于重力的、可独立起作用的构造力或碰撞力,周向应力是地壳运动的唯一具有足够数量级的驱动力。  相似文献   

地球内部物理和演化的几个核心论题：Ⅱ地球动力体系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈胜早 《高校地质学报》1997,3(4):464-480

生成于岩石圈底部的“大陆根”与地幔羽的形成过程有关,其主要证据来自3－D地震成象和实验、数值模拟结果。地幔上涌和地幔下涌分别代表高温、低速带和低温、高速带。长波长的地幔构造与表层构造特征相关,地球内部边界层－热边界层或化学边界层将对全球动力体系产生直接或间接的效应。因此,深入研究这些边界层的结构、形态、热力学和物理化学特性,对解决地幔整体对流与成层对流体系中某些相冲突的问题具有关键意义。全球地震成象和深源地震资料表明,某些破碎的早期俯冲板片可能连续或间断性地下沉到核－幔边界处,并返回到起源于该边界层的地幔羽中。今后的任务不是重提地幔整体对流或是成层对流的问题．而是如何建立两者的统一模式。整体地幔对流体系在时间和空间演化过程中与成层对流、局部小规模对流或次生对流相伴生的理论、实验和数值模拟将是地球动力学研究的主要趋势。  相似文献   

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIABATIC HEATING ON TROPICAL CYCLONE ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE     

雷小途 《热带气象学报(英文版)》1998,4(2):131-140

Using the barotropic volticity equation that contains forcing from diabatic heating with appropriate parameterization. a number of numerical experiments are conducted for the tropical cyclone that is initially symmetric The result shows that the diabatic heating has important effects on the asymmetric structure in addition to the roll of the β term and nonlinear advection term in its formation. It again confirms the conclusion that the diabatic heating is a possible mechanism responsible for such structures in the tropical cyclone.  相似文献   

The influence of surface layer salinity on wintertime convection in Wilkinson Basin,Gulf of Maine     

Maureen H. Taylor  David G. Mountain 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

Observations suggest that the interannual variability of wintertime convection in Wilkinson Basin (WB) during 1977–2005 is related to the variation in the surface layer salinity in the western Gulf of Maine (wGOM). When the winter convection is stronger (weaker), the resulting deep-layer temperatures in the wGOM are colder (warmer), and the likelihood of deep winter mixing is greater when the wGOM salinities are high. This hypothesis was tested using a one-dimensional mixed layer model to simulate the water column structure over the cooling period. Comparisons were made between the convection potential for the range of observed late-fall salinity values. Model results indicated that the mixed layer depth could deepen by as much as 50% when the surface layer salinities in the wGOM were high. Sensitivity tests revealed that the surface layer salinity variability, and its influence on the water column density structure, was a significant factor, along with local climate variability, in determining the observed time series trend in springtime bottom layer temperatures.  相似文献   

Evidence of free convection in groundwater: Field-based measurements beneath wind-tidal flats     

Joel D. Stevens  John M. Sharp Jr.  Craig T. Simmons  T.R. Fenstemaker   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):394-409

Free convection caused by salinity differences had not been conclusively detected or measured in the field. A field experiment at wind-tidal flats on Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, documents salinity-driven free convection with both direct (head and salinity data) and indirect (time-lapse 3-D resistivity) methods. Evaporative concentration of groundwater near the water table created unstable inverted density gradients, reduced groundwater levels, and reversed hydraulic gradients. These factors allowed plumes or fingers of more saline, denser fluid to flow downward into less-dense fluid as observed in monitoring wells and 3-D surveys. The development of density inversions can overcome the dissipating forces of dispersion and diffusion to create a sufficiently large unstable gradient to induce free convection. The development of free convective flow of variable-density fluids in groundwater can be detected and monitored through field techniques.  相似文献   

撞击载荷作用下水下沉箱防护设施损伤分析     

朱春丽  李书兆  沈晓鹏  安维峥  王琦程  徐万海 《海洋工程》2021,39(6):136-142

面对通航区很可能发生的船舶抛锚、落物以及沉船等事故造成的危险,使用新型沉箱防护设施对水下生产系统进行安全防护,但目前撞击载荷下沉箱防护设施的安全评估标准并无明确界定。采用有限元方法对水下生产系统沉箱安全防护设施的撞击损伤进行了深入研究,考虑不同落物形状、下落速度、落物质量、碰撞位置对沉箱防护设施撞击损伤的影响。结果表明,锚、长方体落物对沉箱撞击最严重;撞击速度和落物质量与撞击应力成正比;对于非对称开孔的沉箱顶盖,距离开孔较近区域为应力敏感区,受到撞击时撞击应力较大。  相似文献   

青藏高原对流时空变化与东亚环流的关系   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

张庆云  金祖辉  彭京备 《大气科学》2006,30(5):802-812

根据1980～1998年逐日TBB和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,探讨青藏高原对流(TBB)时空分布与东亚环流及天气气候的关系.研究指出,青藏高原主体地区(28°N～34°N,80°E～102°E)的对流冬弱、夏强,存在显著的6月和10月突变现象.夏季亚洲地区最强的对流出现在青藏高原上空,呈现为高原西部(28°N～34°N,82°E～94°E)和东部(27°N～34°N,104°E～110°E)型.夏季青藏高原上空对流弱,850 hPa风场上高原南、北侧的东亚地区分别呈现西风距平,夏季中国易出现南北二条雨带; 夏季高原上空对流强,850 hPa风场上的西风距平出现在东亚30°N附近,夏季易出现江淮流域雨带.夏季江淮流域洪涝年(如1980、1993、1996、1998年)与青藏高原东、西部对流同时加强有关; 夏季江淮流域干旱年(如1992、1994、1997年)与青藏高原东、西部对流同时减弱有关.20世纪90年代,江淮流域洪涝与干旱事件频繁发生可能与青藏高原东、西部对流强度变化出现同位相的年代际变化趋势有关.  相似文献   

Differential rotation and meridional circulation in global models of solar convection     

M.S. Miesch 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2007,328(10):998-1001

In the outer envelope of the Sun and in other stars, differential rotation and meridional circulation are maintained via the redistribution of momentum and energy by convective motions. In order to properly capture such processes in a numerical model, the correct spherical geometry is essential. In this paper I review recent insights into the maintenance of mean flows in the solar interior obtained from high-resolution simulations of solar convection in rotating spherical shells. The Coriolis force induces a Reynolds stress which transports angular momentum equatorward and also yields latitudinal variations in the convective heat flux. Meridional circulations induced by baroclinicity and rotational shear further redistribute angular momentum and alter the mean stratification. This gives rise to a complex nonlinear interplay between turbulent convection, differential rotation, meridional circulation, and the mean specific entropy profile. I will describe how this drama plays out in our simulations as well as in solar and stellar convection zones. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

菲律宾以西海域的高温暖水与南海夏季风爆发   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

姜霞  刘秦玉  王启 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,36(3):349-354

采用改进的甚高分辨率辐射计(AVHRR)、热带降水测量卫星(TRMM)、快速散射计(QuikSCAT)等最新高分辨率的卫星遥感资料和美国国家环境预报中心和气象研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)多年平均再分析资料,揭示出气候态下菲律宾以西海域30℃以上高温暖水的出现和面积突增可以作为南海夏季风爆发的先兆,高温暖水具有生命期短的特征。研究指出高温暖水导致的局地对流在南海夏季风爆发中起着重要作用,高温暖水的年际变化与南海夏季风爆发时间早晚关系密切。  相似文献   

非对称风场对台风浪模拟效果的比较研究     

吴彦  赵红军  叶荣辉  孙杰  孔俊 《海洋预报》2020,37(1):55-61

分析四象限非对称风场模型与叠加风场模型的优缺点,将模型结果与实测风速进行对比验证;利用上述两种风场模型分别驱动第三代海浪模式SWAN,对发生在南海海域的三场台风浪进行了数值模拟计算。结果显示:四象限非对称模型关于风速的计算值与实测值吻合度更高,尤其是当台风中心距离测站较近时;四象限非对称模型驱动SWAN模拟的台风浪精度优于叠加风场模型,适用于南海台风浪的数值模拟。  相似文献