Calibration of an oscillating nozzle‐type rainfall simulator     

Bofu Yu  Cyril A. A. Ciesiolka  Paul Langford 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(13):1483-1490

Nozzle‐type rainfall simulators are commonly used in hydrologic and soil erosion research. Simulated rainfall intensity, originating from the nozzle, increases as the distance between the point of measurement and the source is decreased. Hence, rainfall measured using rain gauges would systematically overestimate the rainfall received at the ground level. A simple model was developed to adjust rainfall measured anywhere under the simulator to plot‐wide average rainfall at the ground level. Nozzle height, plot width, gauge diameter and height, and gauge location are required to compute this adjustment factor. Results from 15 runs at different rain intensities and durations, and with different rain gauge layouts, showed that a simple average of measured rain would overestimate the plot‐wide rain by about 20 per cent. Using the adjustment factor to convert measured rainfall for individual gauges before averaging improved the estimate of plot‐wide rainfall considerably. For the 15 runs considered, overall discrepancy between actual and measured rain is reduced to less than 1 per cent with a standard error of 0·97 mm. This model can be easily tested in the ?eld by comparing rainfall depths of different sized gauges. With the adjustment factor they should all give very similar values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Water and sediment outbursts from advanced Franz Josef Glacier,New Zealand   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Timothy R. H. Davies  Chris C. Smart  Jill M. Turnbull 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(10):1081-1096

The Franz Josef Glacier, Westland, New Zealand, has a history of catastrophic sediment‐laden outburst ?oods associated with extreme rainfall events when the glacier toe is advanced over its own sediments. Consideration of these events and inspection of recent sediment deposits suggest that there are three distinct modes of outburst. The ?rst is associated with fans fed by over?ow along the glacier margin. As the glacier has advanced across its own fore?eld gravels, it is inferred that the primary drainage conduit has developed a reach of negative slope. In high ?ows massive boulders can block the conduit, trapping lesser clasts. The resulting backup of water causes over?ows through marginal moulins, producing the fan type of deposit. The second type of outburst deposits massive imbricated boulders at a greater or lesser distance from the glacier portal. In this case, pressure buildup drives the blockage out of the portal where the boulders deposit. Smaller materials are generally carried away. The third type consists of very shallow ?ows, and produces massive gravel deposits of uncertain provenance. In this condition, the excess pressure in the conduit results in slight uplift of the glacier and widespread discharge of water and sediment below the glacier snout; gravels and smaller sediments are laid down in a massive deposit across the fore?eld. The massive, boulder‐veneered deposit from the December 1995 outburst is interpreted in the light of the above mechanisms as a hyperconcentrated ?ow deposit from hydraulic jacking, overlain by boulders emplaced by a subsequent conduit outburst. A possible association of outbursts with the present advanced position of the glacier is suggested. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Observed daily large-scale rainfall patterns during BOBMEX-1999     

A. K. Mitra  M. Das Gupta  R. K. Paliwal  S. V. Singh 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):223-232

A daily rainfall dataset and the corresponding rainfall maps have been produced by objective analysis of rainfall data. The satellite estimate of rainfall and the raingauge values are merged to form the final analysis. Associated with epochs of monsoon these rainfall maps are able to show the rainfall activities over India and the Bay of Bengal region during the BOBMEX period. The intra-seasonal variations of rainfall during BOBMEX are also seen using these data. This dataset over the oceanic region compares well with other available popular datasets like GPCP and CMAP. Over land this dataset brings out the features of monsoon in more detail due to the availability of more local raingauge stations.  相似文献   

对目前岩石“全曲线”测试的若干看法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马世民  马宇博 《岩土力学》2003,(Z1)

从电液伺服岩石压力试验机工作机理的角度,对目前岩石应力-应变全过程曲线(以下简称“全曲线”)测试中的一些问题进行了分析,提出了自己的看法,目的是为了解决“全曲线”测试的2个问题,即如何测出“全曲线”;如何使测出的“全曲线”真实反映岩石的力学特性,并将其用到工程中。  相似文献   

基桩有效桩长几个问题的探讨   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

曾友金  章为民  王年香  徐光明 《岩土力学》2003,(Z2)

从离心模型试验成果、超长单桩静载试验成果、工程实践及其他学者研究成果中,论证了普通单桩存在有效桩长。深入解释了有效桩长的含义,指出了与临界桩长概念有区别。在分析目前有效桩长定义基础上,提出了合理的有效桩长定义。明确了研究普通单桩有效桩长的意义及存在的问题,并提出了在一定条件下,合理确定有效桩长就是合理设计桩长。  相似文献   

中尺度自忆模式在强降水预报中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

贾晓静  封国林  曹鸿兴 《大气科学》2003,27(2):265-272

根据大气自忆性原理提出的回溯时间积分格式应用于中尺度格点模式MM5,构建了中尺度自忆模式SMM5并做了短期强降水预报的实验.结果表明,SMM5模式与MM5模式相比,由于使用了多个时刻的场资料,预报精度有了明显的提高, SMM5预报的最大雨区的中心位置与降水量也比MM5更接近实际观测场.  相似文献   

黄河流域夏季分区面雨量预报研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

许力  刘强 《南京气象学院学报》2003,26(1):116-123

介绍黄河流域分区夏季面雨量预报的研究成果，精心挑选51个具有较好代表性的测站对黄河流域夏季降水的时空演变特征进行分析，使用K均值动态聚类对黄河流域的夏季降水进行了客观分区，并计算出各流域夏季面雨量。通过对黄河流域夏季雨量与500hPa环流，海温、OLR、中纬阻高，高原积雪，欧亚积雪等重要影响因子的关系分析，结合黄河流域夏季面雨量年降和年代际演变特征的分析，研究出黄河流域分区夏季面雨量预测的基本方法和模型，并通过客观化的数学方法建立黄河流域夏季面雨量预测系统，预测系统十年回报的结果显示出具有较的预测技巧。  相似文献   

广西异常暴雨天气事件之异常指数初探   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

高安宁  陈业国  吴兴国 《气象》2003,29(1):46-48

对广西异常暴雨天气事件之“异常指数”的设置进行了初步探讨，提出暴雨天气事件中过程日最大暴雨范围，过程持续时间，过程强降雨，特强降雨发生范围等四项异常分指数，然后统计同一过程分指数之和，得总指数，在此基础上分别选出了4－10月各月广西异常暴雨天气事件。  相似文献   

“2002.6.30”滇中低涡暴雨的中尺度分析   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

郭荣芬  鲁亚斌 《气象》2003,29(2):29-33

利用MICAPS常规资料和GMS卫星云图，3830—C多普勒雷达观测资料，对2002年6月30日发生于滇中地区的暴雨天气过程进行诊断和分析，发现暴雨过程由中低层低涡切变造成，暴雨区与垂直速度及涡度所表现的强烈上升区对应，并伴有高能高湿条件；同时卫星云图上有中尺度低涡云团发展。多普勒雷达回波资料分析表明，暴雨过程中出现了明显的中尺度系统，如中尺度辐合线、中尺度气旋、逆风区等，具有典型的对流型特征。  相似文献   

用MM5模式Reisner霰方案对华南暴雨的数值模拟   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13       下载免费PDF全文

孙晶  王鹏云 《气象》2003,29(4):10-13

利用MM5中尺度数值模式对1998年6月8～9日华南暴雨进行了模拟，用Re—isner在方案模拟了可分辨尺度降水，详细分析了暴雨的微物理过程。结果表明，Re—isner在方案对华南暴雨具有较好的模拟能力。在降水最大时段，霰和云水是形成雨水的主要来源，云水的碰冻是产生霰的主要微物理过程。  相似文献