Thresholds,mode switching,and emergent equilibrium in geomorphic systems          下载免费PDF全文

Jonathan D. Phillips 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(1):71-79

Landform and landscape evolution may be convergent, whereby initial differences and irregularities are (on average) reduced and smoothed, or divergent, with increasing variation and irregularity. Convergent and divergent evolution are directly related to dynamical (in)stability. Unstable interactions among geomorphic system components tend to dominate in earlier stages of development, while stable limits often become dominant in later stages. This results in mode switching, from unstable, divergent to stable, convergent development. Divergent‐to‐convergent mode switches emerge from a common structure in many geomorphic systems: mutually reinforcing or competitive interrelationships among system components, and negative self‐effects limiting individual components. When the interactions between components are dominant, divergent evolution occurs. As threshold limits to divergent development are approached, self‐limiting effects become more important, triggering a switch to convergence. The mode shift is an emergent phenomenon, arising from basic principles of threshold modulation and gradient selection. As an example, the relationships among flow concentration, erosive force, and channel incision in fluvial systems are examined in the context of mode switching and thresholds. The commonly observed divergence in channel growth and fluvial dissection and network development, eventually transitioning to a stable, convergent configuration, is an emergent outcome of gradient selection and threshold modification, and does not imply any goal functions of balancing mass fluxes or limiting change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modelling the line variations from the wind–wind shock emissions of WR 30a     

D. Falceta-Gonçalves  Z. Abraham  V. Jatenco-Pereira 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,383(1):258-262

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Self-similar dynamics of a relativistically hot gas     

Yu-Qing Lou  Yi Cao 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,384(2):611-629

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Evening and Morning Transition of Katabatic Flows   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

K. H. Papadopoulos  C. G. Helmis 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(2):195-227

An experimental investigation of the evening and morning transition phases of katabatic slope flows has been conducted to identify the mechanisms for their development and destruction over an isolated slope. The momentum and energy equations of the flow have been used to describe these mechanisms for the particular topographic features of the studied slope, and to outline the differences from the dynamics of well-developed simple slope flows. In the lowest portion of the slope, frontal characteristics have been identified in early evening periods when the local pre-existing near-surface thermal structure does not impose a katabatic acceleration. The frontal shape is determined by the near-surface thermal stability and ambient wind. The flow initiation is distinctly different when it is linked to the local surface cooling, in which case it develops gradually and produces a slight local warming.The erosion of the katabatic layer at mid-slope precedes that at the foot and is closely linked to dilution of the local surface inversion. The flow erosion at the foot is often delayed, as the warming of air proceeds uniformly at all heights near the ground, so maintaining the inversion due to warming produced by mixing and advective processes linked to the upslope flow development. The latter initiates first at mid-slope and then at the foot, where for a non-negligible time period it flows over the persistent katabatic flow. The prerequisite for the development of this structure is the maintenance of a shallow inversion in the first 2–3 m above the ground surface.The morning dilution of the katabatic flow is apparently different from common experience over simple slopes and may be attributed to the steep upper portion of the slope in association with its easterly orientation, which results in strong non-uniformity of the solar heating along the slope.  相似文献   

On A Low Cloud Phenomenon At The Breidamerkurjökull Glacier, Iceland     

Rudolf Kaltenböck  Friedrich Obleitner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(1):145-162

An impressive cloud wall has frequently been observed on the southern slopes of the Vatnajökull ice sheet, which is located in south-eastern Iceland. Its optical and dynamic features suggest a delicate balance of the atmospheric agents involved. This has been confirmed by a thorough analysis of a well documented event and by statistics covering a whole summer season. As an exemplary event, the regional development of the associated cloud has basically been documented with synchronous surface data along a suitable transect of the glacier. Data from tethered balloons, radiosoundings and routine synoptic data have also been exploited extensively. Cloud development was generally aided by a high moisture potential because of proximity to the open seas and the remnants of a frontal system. Furthermore the occurrence of the cloud phenomenon was associated with onshore (southerly) surface winds, assisting advection and lifting of the associated air masses above the slopes of the ice sheet. Northward protrusion of the associated cloud was apparently opposed by continuous katabatic winds and topographically induced lee effects.  相似文献   

新疆造山带大地构造相研究与分类   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

李文铅  李卫东  李亚萍 《新疆地质》1999,(4)

复杂的大陆造山带并非是杂乱无章、毫无规律可循的 ,它可依照“生物结构”,解析为按一定基本构造样式或构件组合而成的四维蓝图。通过对各构造相单元 (基本构件 )的研究可清楚地再造造山演化过程。依据比较解剖学的原理 ,按古沉积盆地的地壳结构类型与产出的大地构造背景为基础 ,将新疆境内大地构造相分为离散背景、汇聚背景、碰撞背景及走滑背景下形成 2 9种构造相  相似文献   

广丰局地极端大风的雷达观测与成因分析     

洪俊  马中元  郑媛媛  肖瑶  李浙华 《气象科学》2023,43(5):696-704

利用常规天气资料、自动站资料、江西WebGIS雷达拼图、风廓线雷达等资料,对2020年5月9日发生在江西省上饶市广丰区局地极端大风天气的回波演变特征和形成机理进行分析。结果表明：(1)广丰区国家气象观测站出现的35.5 m·s^-1极端大风,为该站建站以来的历史极值;(2)江西高空具有明显的高层辐散,配合高空槽、低层较强辐合和上干冷下暖湿的层结条件,为风暴发展提供了良好的动力条件;(3)导致广丰区极端大风天气的是A、B单体回波合并为超级单体回波后又发展成弓状回波结构所致;(4)江西东部走廊对大风的影响十分明显;极端大风过境时,具有气压上升,降水增大,风向突变,风速巨变,温度和露点下降等特征;(5)风廓线雷达上1 000 m以上低空突然风向逆转,风速突增是出现地面大风的信号。  相似文献   

江西副高边缘雷暴大风雷达拼图回波特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

夏文梅  马中元  慕瑞琪  陈鲍发  黄龙飞 《大气科学学报》2021,44(5):717-726

利用MICAPS常规天气图资料、地面自动气象站资料、雷电资料和雷达拼图等资料,采用天气图中分析方法、统计方法、回波图像、回波廓线等分析方法,对2020年7月11日江西副热带高压边缘中尺度雷暴大风回波特征进行分析,结果表明：1）副热带高压控制或边缘上,江西上空100 hPa是东北风,500 hPa是西南风,高空呈现逆时针环流,T-lnP图上层结不稳定,对流有效位能CAPE （Convective Available Potential Energy）面积较大,对产生强对流天气有利;由于上下两层的风向不同,使得雷暴回波系统的移动与回波系统的云砧伸展方向不一致,从而加剧了对流上升运动,使得雷暴回波系统发展、加强、维持。2）回波产生初期是局地对流单体回波,通过不断新生单体和单体合并等方式,形成南北走向的回波短带,这种合并形成的回波短带发展旺盛时,会产生多站雷暴大风天气。3）南北走向的回波短带是产生雷暴大风的主要回波特征,虽然回波强度只有55 dBZ,但移动速度较快（60～70 km/h）,造成地面大风。江西WebGIS雷达拼图上叠加多部雷达风暴跟踪信息STI （Storm Tracking Information）,可以明确风暴的移动方向和移动速度,根据STI密集区判断,增加了STI的可用性。4）“前伸”或“延伸”回波反映了回波系统上方的高空风走向和积雨云的云砧飘离方向。“延伸”回波一定程度上表现出副高边缘雷暴回波系统的强弱程度。为改进副热带高压边缘中尺度雷暴大风的预警预报准确率提供依据。  相似文献   

概率密度匹配方法在我国近海海面10m风速预报中的应用     

胡海川  赵伟  董林 《热带气象学报》2021,37(1):91-101

海面风速对航运及海上生产作业影响重大,但数值模式对于海面的风速预报仍存在较大误差.为降低数值模式海面10 m风速预报的系统性误差,提高海上大风预报准确率,基于2017-2019年中国气象局地面气象观测资料对ECMWF确定性模式的10 m风场预报结果进行检验评估,并采用概率密度匹配方法对模式误差进行订正.分析结果表明,概...  相似文献   

Multiple shocks in the rotating winds from self-gravitating discs     

Sandip K. Chakrabarti 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1989,10(3):261-277

We present the analytic theory of dissipative and non-dissi-pative shocks in the rotating outflows in both the pseudo-Newtonian and the Schwarzschild geometry. We include the effects of the self gravity of the surrounding massive disc and show that the flow may have as many as five critical points when the angular momentum and the disc mass are sufficiently high. This leads to the possibility of the multipleannular shocks within the flow. We derive the expressions correlating the pre-shock and the post-shock quantities for all the three principal types of discontinuities. From these relations it is shown that for given initial flow parameters such as the angular momentum and the energy there could be as many as eighteen formal shock locations out of which at most two are chosen in reality. Detailed classification of the parameter space in terms of the initial flow parameters will be discussed elsewhere  相似文献