云南省蒸发量时空分布及年际变化分析   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

黄英  王宇 《水文》2003,23(1):36-40

根据56个蒸发站E－601型蒸发器的蒸发观测资料，分析了云南省蒸发量的时空分布规律及年际变化特点。云南省东部和西部边缘地带年蒸发量较小，滇中一带以及金沙江流域河谷地带年蒸发量较大。蒸发量年际变化具有春夏季较大、秋冬季较小的特点。近30年来，云南省蒸发量有普遍减小的趋势，20世纪90年代蒸发量普遍减小的可能原因是日照时数减少和风速减小。  相似文献   

基于动态水量平衡的水面蒸发自动测定系统及其应用   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

曹建生  韩淑敏  张万军  唐常源 《水文》2003,23(3):29-33

提出了一种根据动态水量平衡来测定水面蒸发的新方法，介绍了该系统的实际应用情况。该方法与传统的测定方法相比，具有以下特点和优点：(1)实现了水面蒸发测定过程的自动化；(2)走出了通过测定水位变化来求得蒸发量的传统思路，建立了一种动态测定水面蒸发的新方法，在测定过程中保持蒸发器(池)内的水位不变；(3)该方法可以人为设定系统的采样间隔，从而较准确地测定水面蒸发的日变化过程，系统测量精度可达0．0015mm/h。  相似文献   

三维饱和-非饱和渗流场求解及其逸出面边界条件处理   总被引：24，自引：1，他引：24       下载免费PDF全文

朱岳明  龚道勇 《水科学进展》2003,14(1):67-71

对三维饱和-非饱和渗流场的有限单元法求解进行了详细论述,在边界条件中明确列出了非饱和渗流逸出面边界条件的数学表达式。为了理论上能够严密地给出非饱和逸出面的边界条件和数值处理,根据渗流场固有的物理特性,定义了极限含水率和非饱和渗流逸出面蒸逸系数两个渗透基本特性参数。针对渗流场饱和与非饱和逸出面分界线(逸出线)位置事先不知道的问题,提出在这种边界非线性渗流场迭代求解过程中,应根据中间解通过边界条件类型的转化来准确地甄别这一分界线,完整地获得精细地处理饱和及非饱和渗流逸出面边界条件的思路与方法。  相似文献   

斯洛伐克西喀尔巴阡山Kosice-Medvedia菱镁矿床的矿物学、流体包裹体和碳-氧-锶同位素研究     

Martin RADVANEC　 Peter KOD 《岩石学报》2004,20(4):855-876

Kosice矿床是斯洛伐克第二大的菱镁矿床(150Mt),位于Gemeric的东部.其镁质碳酸盐矿体赋存于石炭纪石灰石和含白云石的石灰石中,同时下盘黑色片岩中也含有被铁质碳酸盐交代的薄层碳酸盐透镜体.在华力西期造山运动(M1)中,古生代岩石受到了低级变质作用(绿泥石带).镁交代作用始于白云岩1的结晶作用,其后形成菱镁矿,最终沿裂隙形成铁菱镁矿.铁质碳酸盐包括早期铁白云石-白云石,铁白云石和后期含方解石和石英的菱铁矿.根据碳酸盐矿物对地质温度计,白云石l结晶作用发生在300～340℃.这一结果与M1的变质矿物组合(绿泥石,白云母-伊利石)吻合.铁白云石的结晶作用发生在320～370℃.少量细脉中可见白云石2,绿泥石和伊利石-多硅白云母,它们是由于阿尔卑斯期造山运动M2变质作用形成的更晚的矿物组合.菱镁矿的流体包裹体(FI)研究,显示存在不同成分的热卤水,卤水成分变化相当于NaCl含量21～42 wt%,但其它成分的盐含量高于NaCl,溶解的CO2含量也有变化.两相包裹体均一温度(Th)的范围为164～217℃,含石盐子晶包裹体均一温度的范围为217～344℃.富CO2包裹体(盐度相当于NaCl含量1～22wt%,CO2的密度为0.28～0.77 g·cm-3,均一温度为289～344℃)在菱镁矿中是次要的,但这种包裹体在与矿石伴生的石英中是主要的,并且与含石盐子晶流体包裹体共生.在后期镁交代过程中流体中的CO2逐渐增加.和铁质碳酸盐伴生的石英中只有两相包裹体,包裹体中CO2含量有所变化,盐度范围为17～24 wt%的NaCl(或者34～36 wt%的MgCl2),均一温度为152～195℃.包裹体的数据结合碳酸盐地质温度计显示镁交代作用的压力范围是180～320MPa(7～12km),铁交代作用的压力范围是280～420MPa(10～16km),说明地热梯度约为25～35℃/km.包裹体浸出液的分析表明Cl/Br和Na/Br的比值存在变化,但仍旧说明富镁的卤水来源是上二叠纪和下三叠纪的分馏蒸发岩来源.铁质碳酸盐流体的高溴和高碘含量,说明在铁交代过程中周围黑色片岩的明显影响.菱镁矿和铁交代作用,表明交代流体中的碳和二氧化碳,主要是海洋沉积的来源.菱铁矿的"Sr/86Sr比值((0.71124～0.71140),说明锶的多来源,最初应是石炭纪和二叠纪的海水,但它被当地其它陆壳中的锶混染.  相似文献   

The evaporation of the charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a wind tunnel     

Rohini V. Bhalwankar  A. B. Sathe  A. K. Kamra 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(2):129-138

A laboratory experiment has been performed to study the effect of ventilation on the rate of evaporation of the millimeter sized charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a vertical wind tunnel. The linear relationship,f _u = 0.907 + 0.282X, observed between the mean ventilation coefficient, f_u, and a non-dimensional parameterX, (X =N _Sc,v ^1/3 N _Re ^1/2 whereN _Sc,uis Schmidt number andN _Reis Reynold’s number) is in agreement with the results of earlier investigations for uncharged water drops. However, in case of charged drops carrying 10^-10C of charge, this relationship gets modified tof _u = 0.4877 + 0.149X. Thus, the rate of evaporation of charged drops is slower than that of uncharged drops of the same size. Oscillations of the drop and the change in airflow around drops are suggested to contribute to lowering of the ventilation coefficients for charged drops. Applicability of the results to a small fraction of highly charged raindrops falling through the sub-cloud layer below thunderstorm is discussed. The relaxation time required for a ventilated drop to reach its equilibrium temperature increases with the drop size and is higher for the charged than for the uncharged drops. It is concluded that in a given distance, charged drops will evaporate less than that of uncharged drops.  相似文献   

Seasonal rainfall partitioning under runon and runoff conditions on sandy soil in Niger. On-farm measurements and water balance modelling     

J. Rockstrm  P-E. Jansson  J. Barron 《Journal of Hydrology》1998,210(1-4):68-92

In sparsely cropped farming systems in semi-arid tropics, rainfall partitioning can be complex due to various interactions between vertical and horizontal water flows, both in the atmosphere and in the soil. Despite this, quantifying the seasonal rainfall partitioning is essential, in order to identify options for increased yields. Results are presented on water flow components, based on field measurements and water balance modelling, for three years (1994–96) in a farmer's field cultivated with pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Br.] in the Sahel (Niger). Water balance modelling was carried out for three common infiltration categories: runoff producing surfaces, surfaces receiving inflow of runon water from upstream zones, and a reference surface with zero runoff and runon. Runoff was calculated to 25%–30% of annual rainfall (which ranged from 488 to 596 mm), from crust observations, rainfall, soil wetness data, and infiltration estimates. Inflow of runon was estimated from field observations to 8%–18% of annual rainfall. The parameters in the functions for soil surface and canopy resistances were calibrated with field measurements of soil evaporation, stomatal conductance and leaf area. The model estimates of soil water contents, which were validated against neutron probe measurements, showed a reasonable agreement with observed data, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of approximately 0.02 m³ m⁻³ for 0–160 cm soil depth. Estimated productive water flow as plant transpiration was low, amounting to 4%–9% of the available water for the non-fertilised crop and 7%–24% for the fertilised crop. Soil evaporation accounted for 31%–50% of the available water, and showed a low variation for the observed range of leaf area (LAI <1 m² m⁻²). Deep percolation was high, amounting to 200–330 mm for the non-crusted surfaces, which exceeded soil evaporation losses, for 1994–95 with relatively high annual rainfall (517–596 mm). Even a year with lower rainfall (488 mm) and a distinct dry spell during flowering (1996), resulted in an estimated deep percolation of 160 mm for the non-fertilised crop. The crop did not benefit from the additional inflow of runon water, which was partitioned between soil water storage and deep percolation. The only exception to this was the fertilised crop in 1996, where runon somewhat compensated for the limited rainfall and the higher water demand as a result of a larger leaf area than the non-fertilised crop. The effects of rainfall erraticness, resulting in episodic droughts, explain why a crop that uses such a small proportion of the available water, in an environment with substantial deep percolation, still suffers from water scarcity. Application of small levels of phosphorus and nitrogen roughly doubled yields, from 380 to 620 kg ha⁻¹, and plant transpiration, from 33 to 78 mm. Evapotranspirational water use efficiency (WUE_ET) was low, 6500–8300 m³ ton⁻¹ grain for non-fertilised crop, which is an effect of the low on-farm yields and high non-productive water losses. The estimated seasonal rainfall partitioning indicates the possibility of quantifying vertical water flows in on-farm environments in the Sahel, despite the presence of surface overland flow.  相似文献   

An improved methodology to measure evaporation from bare soil based on comparison of surface temperature with a dry soil surface   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

Guo Yu Qiu  Tomohisa Yano  Kazuro Momii 《Journal of Hydrology》1998,210(1-4):93-105

Accurate estimation of the resistances to water vapor movement is a major difficulty in evaluating evaporation from soil. By including the temperature of a dry soil surface (the temperature of the surface of a dry soil column buried in the field), a method for estimating evaporation from soil is proposed. The necessary input variables for the suggested method are temperature, net radiation, and soil heat flux. There are three advantages of the proposed method over the conventional methods. First, soil surface resistance and aerodynamic resistance are not required. Second, the variables included are fewer. Third, measurement and analysis of the parameters involved are relatively easy. Sensitivity analysis shows that the suggested method is sensitive to temperatures. Test experiments were conducted in a sandy field, where a weighing lysimeter was installed. Evaporation from soil, together with the variables specified above, were measured. For temperatures measured by thermocouples, experimental results showed that the mean absolute error (MAE) for the daily evaporation over 22 days was 0.17 mm day⁻¹. The regression between calculated and measured evaporation was highly significant (r²=0.89). Moreover, the intercept and slope of the regression equation were not significantly different from zero and unity, respectively, at the 0.05 probability level. Furthermore, by using the temperatures measured by infrared thermometers, the MAE between measured evaporation and estimated evaporation was 0.15 mm day⁻¹. The regression between them was highly significant (r²=0.94). In addition, the intercept and slope of the regression equation were not significantly different from zero and unity, respectively, at the 0.05 probability level. These results show that evaporation calculated using the proposed method is in good agreement with lysimeter measured values. By comparing with the temperature difference method, it was shown that the suggested method estimated soil evaporation more accurately than the temperature difference method. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed method is not only a simple way for application, but also an accurate way to estimate soil evaporation.  相似文献   

不同灌水定额条件下的覆膜开孔蒸发实验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

李毅  邵明安  王文焰  王全九 《水科学进展》2004,15(3):357-363

在研制了室内蒸发动态观测实验系统的基础上,分析了土表覆膜开孔率和灌水定额不同条件下,蒸发土壤含水率剖面的动态特征。通过累积蒸发量的计算分析,基于Gardner关于裸土蒸发的累积蒸发量与时间关系成正比的理论关系,建立了不同覆膜开孔率和灌水定额影响下累积蒸发量随时间变化的三因素模型,从而成为传统Gardner关系的进一步扩展。在此基础上,进一步分析了覆膜开孔率和灌水定额对相对累积蒸发量和单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量的影响,并得出了相对累积蒸发量和单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量与覆膜开孔率和灌水定额之间的定量函数关系。  相似文献   

长江源及其周边地区蒸发量特征及变化趋势研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

张海红 《水文》2004,24(5):41-44

通过对长江源及其周边地区沱沱河等10处气象、水文站自建站至2000年蒸发量资料的分析，揭示了长江源及其周边地区蒸发量的特征值及蒸发年内年际变化规律，分析了该地区蒸发量的变化趋势。  相似文献   

黄冈市水资源分析与利用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

南阳春  李国华 《气象》2004,30(7):47-51

通过计算黄冈市各县市及不同水系降水、径流、蒸发等要素的时空分布、不同保证率工农业生产、人民生活对水资源的需求，分析了黄冈市水资源的分布规律，总结了平水、偏旱、干旱三种典型年全市水资源的盈亏特征。指出，黄冈市水资源总量丰富，开发利用潜力很大，但因时空分布不均，导致水旱灾害频繁，需要采取综合措施，努力提高人均占有量和资源利用率。  相似文献