Identification and occurrence of novel C₃₆–C₅₄ 3,4-dialkylthiophenes with an unusual carbon skeleton in immature sediments     

M.E.L. Kohnen  T.M. Peakman  J.S.Sinninghe Damste  J.W. de Leeuw 《Organic Geochemistry》1990,16(4-6)

A series of novel long-chain 3,4-dialkylthiophenes (C₃₆–C₅₄) was identified in a number of sediments ranging from Pleistocene to Cretaceous. The identifications were based on mass spectral characterisation, desulphurisation and mass spectral data of synthesised model compounds. These organic sulphur compounds are probably formed by sulphur incorporation into mid-chain dimethylalkadienes with two methylenic double bonds. These putative precursor lipids are unprecedented and may be considered rather unusual. The distribution of 3,4-dialkylthiophenes in sediments varies considerably with the depositional palaeoenvironment, indicating that these compounds have a potential as molecular markers reflecting changes in palaeoenvironment.  相似文献   

Modeling of the runup heights of the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki tsunami of 12 July 1993     

Katsuyuki Abe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):735-745

The Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake (M _w 7.7) of July 12, 1993, is one of the largest tsunamigenic events in the Sea of Japan. The tsunami magnitudeM _t is determined to be 8.1 from the maximum amplitudes of the tsunami recorded on tide gauges. This value is larger thanM _w by 0.4 units. It is suggested that the tsunami potential of the Nansei-Oki earthquake is large forM _w . A number of tsunami runup data are accumulated for a total range of about 1000 km along the coast, and the data are averaged to obtain the local mean heightsH _n for 23 segments in intervals of about 40 km each. The geographic variation ofH _n is approximately explained in terms of the empirical relationship proposed byAbe (1989, 1993). The height prediction from the available earthquake magnitudes ranges from 5.0–8.4 m, which brackets the observed maximum ofH _n , 7.7 m, at Okushiri Island.  相似文献   

Determination of earthquake early warning parameters, τ_c and P_d, for southern California     

Yih-Min Wu  Hiroo Kanamori  Richard M. Allen  Egill Hauksson 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(2):711-717

We explore a practical approach to earthquake early warning in southern California by determining a ground-motion period parameter  τ _c   and a high-pass filtered displacement amplitude parameter Pd from the initial 3 s of the P waveforms recorded at the Southern California Seismic Network stations for earthquakes with M > 4.0. At a given site, we estimate the magnitude of an event from  τ _c   and the peak ground-motion velocity ( PGV ) from Pd . The incoming three-component signals are recursively converted to ground acceleration, velocity and displacement. The displacements are recursively filtered with a one-way Butterworth high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.075 Hz, and a P -wave trigger is constantly monitored. When a trigger occurs,  τ _c   and Pd are computed. We found the relationship between  τ _c   and magnitude ( M ) for southern California, and between Pd and PGV for both southern California and Taiwan. These two relationships can be used to detect the occurrence of a major earthquake and provide onsite warning in the area around the station where onset of strong ground motion is expected within seconds after the arrival of the P wave. When the station density is high, the methods can be applied to multistation data to increase the robustness of onsite early warning and to add the regional warning approach. In an ideal situation, such warnings would be available within 10 s of the origin time of a large earthquake whose subsequent ground motion may last for tens of seconds.  相似文献   

Expected loss‐based alarm threshold set for earthquake early warning systems     

Iunio Iervolino  Massimiliano Giorgio  Gaetano Manfredi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(9):1151-1168

Earthquake early warning systems (EEWS) seem to have potential as tools for real‐time seismic risk management and mitigation. In fact, although the evacuation of buildings requires warning time not available in many urbanized areas threatened by seismic hazard, they may still be used for the real‐time protection of critical facilities using automatic systems in order to reduce the losses subsequent to a catastrophic event. This is possible due to the real‐time seismology, which consists of methods and procedures for the rapid estimation of earthquake features, as magnitude and location, based on measurements made on the first seconds of the P‐waves. An earthquake engineering application of earthquake early warning (EEW) may be intended as a system able to issue the alarm, if some recorded parameter exceeds a given threshold, to activate risk mitigation actions before the quake strikes at a site of interest. Feasibility analysis and design of such EEWS require the assessment of the expected loss reduction due to the security action and set of the alarm threshold. In this paper a procedure to carry out these tasks in the performance‐based earthquake engineering probabilistic framework is proposed. A merely illustrative example refers to a simple structure assumed to be a classroom. Structural damage and non‐structural collapses are considered; the security action is to shelter occupants below the desks. The cost due to a false alarm is assumed to be related to the interruption of didactic activities. Results show how the comparison of the expected losses, for the alarm‐issuance and non‐issuance cases, allows setting the alarm threshold on a quantitative and consistent basis, and how it may be a tool for the design of engineering applications of EEW. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

铁路沿线灾害性天气监测、预测、预警系统   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

叶文军  刘红光等 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2001,24(6):25-27

针对铁路三防（防风，防沙，防洪）的需要，结合大风监测系统建设的实际，对恶劣天气气候条件下，如何保障列车运行安全进行了探讨，并提出铁路沿线灾害性天气监测，预测，预警系统。  相似文献   

FD─1型多功能防盗报警器     

邹平  李道贵  李飞 《地震研究》1996,(4)

地震监测设施点多面广，被盗、被破坏的情况时有发生，直接和间接的经济损失十分严重。由此引起的仪器停记，造成资料中断的损失则无法用金钱计算、针对此问题，我们运用模糊控制技术技术，研制开发了ＦＤ－１型多功能防盗报警器。它通过检测来访者的文明程度，采取一系列相应的反击措施：即自动打开室内灯光、电视机、录音机等，造成室内有人的假象；对不知趣者给予警告、警铃……直至发出＂有电危险，请勿靠近＂的警告和电击（无生命危险），达到御敌于门外之目的。该报警器不仅适用于地震台站，也广泛用于各企业事业单位和家庭防盗等。  相似文献   

One-station estimates of seismic moments from the mantle magnitudeM m: The case of the regional field (1.5°≤Δ≤15°)     

Jacques Talandier  Emile A. Okal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,138(1):43-60

We extend to the regional field of distances the procedure of one-station estimation of seismic moments using the mantle magnitudeM _m, as introduced earlier in the case of teleseismic events. A theoretical analysis of the validity of the asymptotic expansion of normal modes in terms of surface waves, which was used in the development ofM _m, upholds the validity of the algorithm for distances as short as 1.5°. This is confirmed by the analysis of a dataset of 149 GEOSCOPE records obtained at distances ranging from 1.5 to 15°, from earthquakes with moments between 10²⁴ and 2.5×10²⁷ dyn-cm. The performance ofM _m as measured in terms of average residual with respect to published values ofM ₀, and standard deviation of the residuals, is not degraded in this distance range, with respect to the teleseismic case. This indicates that the mantle magnitudeM _mcan be reliably used at regional distances, notably for tsunami warning applications.  相似文献   

泥石流监测预警站的组建     

陈景武  陈精日 《山地学报》1992,(1)

泥石流监测预警站利用的是泥石流预警报系统,以便对泥石流进行监测后,作出泥石流预警报。泥石流预警报系统由三个子系统组成,这就是:1.暴雨类泥石流预报子系统;2.泥石流地声报警子系统;3.泥石流规模报警子系统。三个子系统分别用在泥石流监测预警站所属的雨量、地声、泥位三类泥石流监测点上。泥石流预警报系统由中国科学院东川泥石流观测研究站在蒋家沟研制而成,1985年底通过鉴定,获1986年度中国科学院科学技术进步三等奖。  相似文献   

基于多源监测数据的雷电预警方法     

赵伟  陆韬  张祎  李颖  周象贤 《气象科技》2020,48(3):438-442

以浙江省气象台已经业务运行多年的基于雷达数据的雷电预警产品(预警时效为60min,分辨率为1km×1km,4个预警等级)为基础,融合闪电定位系统数据和大气电场数据,提出一种基于多源监测数据的雷电预警方法。使用2018年的观测数据进行预警效果检验,结果表明:雷电预警的漏报率为31.89%,空报率为30.54%,临界成功指数为60.53%,比使用单一监测数据的雷电预警效果有所提高。由此可见,该雷电预警方法对浙江省雷电天气的预警具有参考价值和指示意义。  相似文献   

上海热浪与健康监测预警系统   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21       下载免费PDF全文

谈建国  林松伯等 《应用气象学报》2002,13(3):356-363

用1989～1998年上海逐日4次气象观测资料,应用美国特拉华大学的SSC天气分类方法确定逐日天气类型,形成了10年逐日天气类型日历。并通过天气类型与死亡率的对比分析,确定MT+类型是上海地区形成热浪的“侵人型”气团,是具有最高死亡率的天气类型。采用逐步回归方法建立了MT+类型下因受热浪侵袭而超正常死亡数的回归方程。在此基础上建立了上海热浪与健康监测预警系统。通过1999年气象和死亡实况资料检验,系统对热浪及因此引起的死亡具有较好的监测和预警效果。  相似文献