The evolution of planets. Venus as the Earth’s probable future     

N.L. Dobretsov 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2017,58(1):1-11

The general evolution of planets in the Solar System is discussed with a focus on the structure and history of Venus compared with the Earth. The history of the planets of the terrestrial group has been similar and included at least six correlated stages. Many common features the terrestrial planets shared in their early and late evolution have been due to their common origin from the protoplanetary gas-and-dust nebula and plume magmatism widespread on all the planets of the terrestrial group. The characteristic features of the structure and evolution of Venus are most brightly manifested in the specific composition of its atmosphere and of plume magmatism. Venus, with its surface as hot as 450 °C and the near-surface pressure of 92-93 bars, has a hot and dense atmosphere 93 times that of the Earth in mass. Most of its atmospheric mass (99%) belongs to the 65-km thick troposphere consisting of CO₂ (96.5%) and N₂ (3.5%). The upper troposphere includes a 25-30 km thick cloud layer composed mainly of sulfuric acid droplets, water vapor, and SO₂. At a height of 49.58 km, the clouds approach the conditions of the terrestrial surface and might be hospitable to bacterial life. Volcanism, the most active and widespread process of Venusian geology, maintains continuous SO₂ emission. There are diverse volcanic edifices on Venus, which are most often large and are similar to the Earth’s plume-related volcanoes. The evolution before 1 Ga, as well as the share and the role of alkaline rocks and carbonatites among its volcanics, are among the most debatable issues about Venus. Being located closer to the Sun, Venus cooled down more slowly and less intensely than the Earth after the primary accretion. In the Proterozoic, it began heating and reached its present state at ~ 1 or 2 Ga. In the future, as the Sun becomes a red giant, the Earth is predicted to begin heating up in 500-600 Myr to reach the temperature of present Venus in about 1.5 Gyr.  相似文献   

吉尔吉斯柯孜尔河上游河谷草场能量闭合分析     

王喜花  徐俊荣 《干旱区地理》2017,40(2):373-379

通过分析了2014 年8 月13~11 月12 号吉尔吉斯斯坦克孜尔苏山地生态观测站的湍流通量和有效能量的日、月变化特征,并且通过对能量平衡残差（D）以及能量平衡比率（EBR）两种主要方法,分析了该研究区域的能量闭合情况和月变化特征。结果表明：有效能量和湍流通量呈单峰模式的日变化特征,并且在观测期间随着月份的变化,有效能量和湍流通量的月平均值在显著减小;通过对研究区域的能量平衡分析,发现其能量不闭合的情况,并且有研究表明,土壤热通量计算不准确是主要的因素之一。通过对能量平衡残差（D）分析,得出这个观测期间基本上在8~16 点之间能量平衡残差大于零,大概在8 点和16 点的时候能量达到了平衡;用能量平衡比率（EBR）研究能量闭合情况得出,能量平衡比率8月份的0.75,9月份最小为0.7左右,10月份的为0.85。  相似文献   

梅雨锋暴雨过程中两支雨带的数值模拟   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

周顺武  丁治英  顾茗  陈久康 《南京气象学院学报》1999,22(2):211-218

利用中尺度模式（ＭＭ４）对１９８１年６月２７日江淮地区梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟,取得了与实况比较一致的结果,成功地模拟出南北两支中－α尺度雨带,在此基础上利用模式输出资料进行中尺度诊断分析,揭示了这次天气过程的中尺度结构特征。重点探讨两支雨带形成和维持的机制。并通过干湿对比试验讨论了积云对流潜热反馈作用。研究表明：在这次过程中南、北雨带主要是由于重力惯性波频散、高低空急流耦合等共同作用下的结果。  相似文献   

空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响──Ⅲ:凝结潜热加热与南亚高压及西太平洋副高   总被引：31，自引：8，他引：23  

刘屹岷  吴国雄  刘辉  刘平 《气象学报》1999,57(5):525-538

通过理论分析和数值模拟,研究了降水所致凝结潜热影响副热带高压带断裂的物理机制。基于全型垂直涡度方程的尺度分析指出,强的对流凝结加热的垂直梯度的变化,导致副热带地区对流层高层和中低层的高低压分布呈现出反位相。数值试验证实凝结潜热是决定东半球夏季副热带高压位置和强度的关键因素：东亚季风降雨所致凝结潜热加热使高层南亚高压位于加热中心西侧,中层西太平洋副热带高压位于加热中心东侧。通过定常波的传播,副热带地区的凝结潜热加热对中高纬天气的形成和维持有一定影响。  相似文献   

空间非均匀加热对副热带高压带形成和变异的影响Ⅰ:尺度分析   总被引：56，自引：16，他引：40  

吴国雄  刘屹岷  刘平 《气象学报》1999,57(3):257-263

利用全型垂直涡度倾向方程,讨论了空间非均匀非绝热加热（Ｑ）对副热带高压形态变异的影响。通过简单的空间尺度分析指出,Ｑ的垂直非均匀分布比其水平非均匀分布对副热带高压带断裂成闭合中心的影响更大。在时间尺度较长时,低空的β效应和高层的涡度平流对副热带高压形态的形成有重要作用。在它们影响下,低空副热带高压出现在表面感热加热西侧、深对流凝结加热东侧;而高空副热带高压出现在表面感热加热的东侧、深对流凝结加热的西侧  相似文献   

IMPACT OF THE HEATINC OVER SOUTH ASIA UPON THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH OVER WEST-PACIFIC     

李双林  纪立人 《热带气象学报(英文版)》1999,5(2):141-152

A case is reported, during which the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific(hereafter, SHWP in abbreviation)shifted northwestward and met-yu at Chaniiang River valley ended. Several numerical experiments on SHWP activity influenced by the heating over south Asia monsoon area are carried out, and the statistic significance of the results is checked. The results indicate that the enhancement of positive heating over South Asia will motivate a wave-like series of anomaly centers, which propagate northeastward from the maximum heating center.so that a strong positive potential height anomaly center will set up from North China to Japan at Day 3 result in the enhancement of SHWP. Comparison of the influence upon SHWP by the heating over south Asia monsoonarea with that over ITCZ area south to SHWP is also carried out. It is pointed out that the heating over South Asiamonsoon area tends to favor SHWP northward movement while the heating over ITCZ area tends to thvor SHWP westward stretching. As for the time to begin to influence on SHWP, the heating over south Asia monsoon areafavors the enhancement of SHWP atter Day 3 while that over ITCZ south to SHWP effects after Day 5.  相似文献   

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF MEDIUM-RANGE CHANGE OF THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH Ⅱ. THE INFLUENCE OF THE HEATING SOURCE OVER WESTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC     

巩远发  纪立人 《热带气象学报(英文版)》1999,5(1):9-16

Numerical experiments are carried out using a global spectral model to study the role of an ideal heating source over the western tropical Pacific region in a medium-term weather process that marks the western advancement of the subtropical high in mid-June 1979. The result has indicated that the effect of the ideal heating source is evident in about 4 days after the inclusion in the high and the circulation at mid-and high-latitudes over the eastern part of China; the disturbance produced over the tropical ocean first transfers towards the northwest along the easterly flow on the southern edge of the subtropical high and then divides into two branches as it moves over the westerly over the mid-latitude area, one continuing the journey northwestward and the other turning to the northeast by east, resulting in changes in the subtropical high and the westerly through combined action.  相似文献   

东亚西风急流变化与热带对流加热关系的研究   总被引：38，自引：14，他引：24  

董敏  余建锐  高守亭 《大气科学》1999,23(1):62-70

应用OLR资料和高空格点资料,研究了东亚地区西风急流及其附近的纬向西风与热带地区对流加热场的关系。结果表明西风急流中心的季节变化是和热带加热场的季节变化紧密的联系在一起的。东亚地区的纬向西风强度的年变化与热带加热场的同期及前期状况也密切相关,这种关系可以作为预测我国江淮地区夏季梅雨的一个强信号。  相似文献   

膨润土热传导性能的温度效应     

徐云山  孙德安  曾召田  吕海波 《岩土力学》2020,41(1):39-45

以高庙子（GMZ07）和美国怀俄明州（MX80）钠基膨润土为研究对象,采用热探针法研究温度对压实膨润土试样热传导性能的影响。在保持干密度和含水率不变的情况下,使用KD2 Pro型热特性分析仪测定不同温度（5～90 ℃）试样的热传导系数,并对部分试样进行压汞试验。试验结果表明：GMZ07和MX80膨润土的热传导系数均随着温度的增大而增大,在90 ℃时最高可达5 ℃的1.2～1.5倍,主要原因是温度引起的水汽潜热传输促进了试样内部的热传导;当试样温度高于60 ℃时,温度对热传导系数的影响较低于60 ℃时更显著;含水率不为0时,两种膨润土热传导系数的温度效应均随干密度的增大而减小;干试样的热传导系数几乎不随温度发生变化,这与水汽潜热传输的强化机制有关。热传导系数温度效应的机制可理解为：热传导系数取决于试样内部可供潜热传输的水分和传热通道数。  相似文献   

MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE OF SINGLE-GRAIN APATITE(U-Th)/He DATING AND ITS VALIDATION BY DURANGO APATITE STANDARD          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Ying  ZHENG De-wen  WU Ying  LI You-juan  WANG Yi-zhou 《地震地质》2017,39(6):1143-1157

(U-Th)/He isotopic dating has been developed very quickly in recent years, due to the recognition that the thermal history of rock at low temperature can be effective revealed by such dating method. In particular, He closure temperature in apatite (40~80℃) is very low, so apatite (U-Th)/He ages can reflect the thermal history information of the low-temperature stage, and have a good application prospect in the field of low-temperature thermal chronology. However, because of many influence factors and complicated measurement procedures, the development of apatite He dating in China remains in its early stage. In this study, a measurement procedure was established at the (U-Th)/He dating laboratory of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration. We measured the daughter isotopic helium by diode laser heating four batches of a total seventy-five grains of Durango apatite in an Alphachron helium mass spectrometry system. Then the apatite grains were dissolved to precisely measure the concentration of parent nuclides (U, Th)using the solution isotope dilution method through an automatic sampling ICP-MS (Agilent 7900). Results show that the Th/U values of Durango apatite grains were in the range of 17.23 to 23.60, while all the 75ages were in the range of 28.61 to 34.51Ma with an average of (31.71±1.55)Ma (1σ), which are consistent with the international calibrated ages.  相似文献