ELF propagation parameters for uniform models of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide     

Vadim C. Mushtak  Earle R. Williams 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2002,64(18)

Uniform models for the Earth–ionosphere cavity are considered with particular attention to the physical properties of the ionosphere for the extremely low frequency (ELF) range. Two consistent features have long been recognized for the range: the presence of two distinct altitude layers of maximum energy dissipation within the lower ionosphere, and a “knee”-like change in the vertical conductivity profile representing a transition in dominance from ion-dominated to electron-dominated conductivity. A simplified two-exponential version of the Greifinger and Greifinger (1978) technique widely used in ELF work identifies two slopes in the conductivity profile and, providing accurate results in the ELF communication band (45–75 Hz), simulates too flat a frequency dependence of the quality factor within the Schumann resonance frequency range (5–40 Hz). The problem is traced to the upward migration, with frequency increasing, of the lower dissipation layer through the “knee” region resulting in a pronounced decrease of the effective scale height for conductivity. To overcome this shortcoming of the two-exponential approximation and still retain valuable model analyticity, a more general approach (but still based on the Greifinger and Greifinger formalism) is presented in the form of a “knee” model whose predictions for the modal frequencies, the wave phase velocities and the quality factors reasonably represent observations in the Schumann resonance frequency range.  相似文献   

甘肃平凉地区正地闪特征分析   总被引：9，自引：9，他引：9  

张义军  言穆弘  张翠华  王怀斌 《高原气象》2003,22(3):295-300

利用雷电定位和雷达观测资料对甘肃平凉地区正地闪特性进行了分析。结果表明：正、负地闪回击的上升时间分布范围基本一致，大约在3—20μs之间，其平均值负地闪为8．33μs，正地闪为10．7μs。负地闪回击后的过军时间分布范围较广，在10-130μs之间，其平均值为51μs；正地闪回击后的过军时间分布范围比负地闪要小得多，在10一50μs之间，其平均值为19．67μs。负地闪的反冲深度dp为32％，正地闪为55％。在正负地闪的日变化中，负地闪有两个峰值分别出现在01：00和13：00(北京时，下同)，而正地闪在下午18：00出现一个极大值，正负地闪数的分布呈反相关。降雹时间的峰值与正地闪峰值时间有比较好的一致性，正地闪的发生与云中固态水成物粒子的沉降有关。  相似文献   

空中人工引发雷电先导过程的特征分析   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

张义军  董万胜  张广庶  郄秀书 《地球物理学报》2003,46(4):446-449

利用闪电电场变化仪对空中人工引发雷电引起的电场变化进行了两站同步观测，并结合高时间分辨率的光学观测资料的分析研究，揭示了一次空中引发雷电先导物理过程的特征. 当携带金属导线的火箭上升到几百米高度时，在金属导线的上端和下端激发产生了一个双向传输的先导，当向下的负先导接近地面时，一个向上的正连接先导由地面激发，正负先导的平均传播速度为0.86×105m/s，随着向下负先导的接地，将产生一个小回击过程，而由金属导线上端激发的向上正先导的传播速度为1.1×105m/s.  相似文献   

Study of charge structure and radiation characteristic of intracloud discharge in thunderstorms of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau     

ZHAGN Yijun  DONG Wansheng  ZHAO Yang  ZHANG Guangshu  Zhang Hongfa  CHEN Chengpin  ZHANG Tong 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(Z1)

The comprehensive observations on lightning discharges were conducted in Naqu area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer of 2002. The electric structures of thunderstorms and the characteristics of lightning discharges at initial stage were analyzed by using the observation data. The results show that most of intracloud (IC) lightning flashes were polarities inverted in thunderstorms with tripole electric charge structure and occurred between negative charge region located in the middle of the thunderstorm and positive charge region located at the bottom of the thunderstorm. The radiation characteristics of discharge processes in cloud with longer lasting time involved in Cloud-to-Ground (CG) lightning flashes were similar to that of IC discharges.A lot of radiation pulses were produced in these discharge processes. Because the IC discharges took place at the bottom of thundercloud and were near the ground, they may produce more serious damage to equipment on the ground therefore should not be neglected in lightning protection.  相似文献   

雷电监测预警系统的原理及应用          下载免费PDF全文

沐俊山  雷治平  张存华 《山西气象》2004,(4):24-26

本文讨论了有关雷电的基本知识，列举了目前存在的各种雷电定位方法，分析了雷电定位的几个过程。对近期引进VAISALA公司的SAFIR3000型雷电监测预警系统采用的探测原理做了分析，并总结了这套探测系统采用的VHF干涉测量原理特点及不足之处。  相似文献   

一次龙卷过程的多普勒天气雷达和闪电定位资料分析   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6  

姚叶青  魏鸣  王成刚  李劲 《南京气象学院学报》2004,27(5):587-594

利用WSR-98D多普勒天气雷达和闪电定位资料分析了2003年7月8日发生在安徽省无为县境内的一次龙卷过程。此次龙卷产生于低空急流左侧，动力、热力条件均为较有利的大尺度环境，多普勒雷达回波分析发现，龙卷起源于中高层向低层发展的中-γ尺度气旋中。闪电定位资料分析表明，龙卷发生前10min闪电活动开始频繁。龙卷出现后负地闪明显加大，且龙卷闪电存在于雷暴的发展后期、成熟和消亡阶段。此次龙卷的一些基本特征与通常结论有所不同，(1)雷达反射率因子小于通常结论；(2)龙卷风暴发展高度不是很高，回波顶高仅6～9km，类似于普通雷暴；(3)闪电活动中以负地闪为主，正地闪较少，并未出现正地闪一度占主导地位的现象。  相似文献   

基于电场理论的主动防雷系统的初步设想   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

钟万强  肖稳安 《南京气象学院学报》2004,27(5):667-673

针对目前使用的传统雷电防护技术存在的问题，通过分析雷电原理和雷电触发机制，利用电场理论来设计一套主动防雷系统，即实现保护对象所在空间大气处于被激放电状态，并利用闪电将大气激活为自激放电状态。介绍了主动防雷系统的原理，并对其核心的“引而不发”理论进行阐述，在此基础上设计出主动防雷系统的模型。具体说明了构成主动防雷系统的阻塞系统、疏导系统和电源系统的构造和特征以及它们之间的关系。计算得到主动防雷系统所需的电场强度E=0．69kV／m。最后指出了存在问题与发展方向，在结论中总结了主动防雷系统的特点及其关键。  相似文献   

浅谈计算机信息系统的雷电防护     

吴松  葛意活  王成刚 《气象研究与应用》2004,25(4):32-34

通过对计算机信息系统的检测及其避雷装置的安装实践,总结了一些操作要领和技巧,并结合工作中的体会对新的防雷技术进行了探讨。  相似文献   

Reaction localization and softening of texturally hardened mylonites in a reactivated fault zone, central Argentina   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

S. J. WHITMEYER  R. P. WINTSCH 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2005,23(6):411-424

The Tres Arboles ductile fault zone in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, central Argentina, experienced multiple ductile deformation and faulting events that involved a variety of textural and reaction hardening and softening processes. Much of the fault zone is characterized by a (D2) ultramylonite, composed of fine‐grained biotite + plagioclase, that lacks a well‐defined preferred orientation. The D2 fabric consists of a strong network of intergrown and interlocking grains that show little textural evidence for dislocation or dissolution creep. These ultramylonites contain gneissic rock fragments and porphyroclasts of plagioclase, sillimanite and garnet inherited from the gneissic and migmatitic protolith (D1) of the hangingwall. The assemblage of garnet + sillimanite + biotite suggests that D1‐related fabrics developed under upper amphibolite facies conditions, and the persistence of biotite + garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase suggests that the ultramylonite of D2 developed under middle amphibolite facies conditions. Greenschist facies, mylonitic shear bands (D3) locally overprint D2 ultramylonites. Fine‐grained folia of muscovite + chlorite ± biotite truncate earlier biotite + plagioclase textures, and coarser‐grained muscovite partially replaces relic sillimanite grains. Anorthite content of shear band (D3) plagioclase is c. An30, distinct from D1 and D2 plagioclase (c. An35). The anorthite content of D3 plagioclase is consistent with a pervasive grain boundary fluid that facilitated partial replacement of plagioclase by muscovite. Biotite is partially replaced by muscovite and/or chlorite, particularly in areas of inferred high strain. Quartz precipitated in porphyroclast pressure shadows and ribbons that help define the mylonitic fabric. All D3 reactions require the introduction of H⁺ and/or H₂O, indicating an open system, and typically result in a volume decrease. Syntectonic D3 muscovite + quartz + chlorite preferentially grew in an orientation favourable for strain localization, which produced a strong textural softening. Strain localization occurred only where reactions progressed with the infiltration of aqueous fluids, on a scale of hundreds of micrometre. Local fracturing and microseismicity may have induced reactivation of the fault zone and the initial introduction of fluids. However, the predominant greenschist facies deformation (D3) along discrete shear bands was primarily a consequence of the localization of replacement reactions in a partially open system.  相似文献   

Dynamic analysis of strain localization in water‐saturated clay using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic model     

B. Shahbodagh Khan  M. Mirjalili  S. Kimoto  F. Oka 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2014,38(8):771-793

A computational framework is presented for dynamic strain localization and deformation analyses of water‐saturated clay by using a cyclic elasto‐viscoplastic constitutive model. In the model, the nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and softening due to the structural degradation of soil particles are considered. In order to appropriately simulate the large deformation phenomenon in strain localization analysis, the dynamic finite element formulation for a two‐phase mixture is derived in the updated Lagrangian framework. The shear band development is shown through the distributions of viscoplastic shear strain, the axial strain, the mean effective stress, and the pore water pressure in a normally consolidated clay specimen. From the local stress–strain relations, more brittleness is found inside the shear bands than outside of them. The effects of partially drained conditions and mesh‐size dependency on the shear banding are also investigated. The effect of a partially drained boundary is found to be insignificant on the dynamic shear band propagation because of the rapid rate of applied loading and low permeability of the clay. Using the finer mesh results in slightly narrower shear bands; nonetheless, the results manifest convergency through the mesh refinement in terms of the overall shape of shear banding and stress–strain relations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献