The initiation and development of metamorphic foliation in the Otago Schist, Part 2: evidence from quartz grain-shape data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. STALLARD  D. SHELLEY  S. REDDY 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2005,23(6):443-459

Shape, size and orientation measurements of quartz grains sampled along two transects that cross zones of increasing metamorphic grade in the Otago Schist, New Zealand, reveal the role of quartz in the progressive development of metamorphic foliation. Sedimentary compaction and diagenesis contributed little to the formation of a shape‐preferred orientation (SPO) within the analysed samples. Metamorphic foliation was initiated at sub‐greenschist facies conditions as part of a composite S1‐bedding structure parallel to the axial planes of tight to isoclinal F1 folds. An important component of this foliation is a pronounced quartz SPO that formed dominantly by the effect of dissolution–precipitation creep on detrital grains in association with F1 strain. With increasing grade, the following trends are evident from the SPO data: (i) a progressive increase in the aspect ratio of grains in sections parallel to lineation, and the development of blade‐shaped grains; (ii) the early development of a strong shape preferred orientation so that blade lengths define the linear aspect of the foliation (lineation) and the intermediate axes of the blades define a partial girdle about the lineation; (iii) a slight thinning and reduction in volume of grains in the one transect; and (iv) an actual increase in thickness and volume in the survivor grains of the second transect. The highest‐grade samples, within the chlorite zone of the greenschist facies, record segregation into quartz‐ and mica‐rich layers. This segregation resulted largely from F2 crenulation and marks a key change in the distribution, deformation and SPO of the quartz grains. The contribution of quartz SPO to defining the foliation lessens as the previously discrete and aligned detrital quartz grains are replaced by aggregates and layers of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains of reduced aspect ratio and reduced alignment. Pressure solution now affects the margins of quartz‐rich layers rather than individual grains. In higher‐grade samples, therefore, the rock structure is characterized increasingly by segregation layering parallel to a foliation defined predominantly by mica SPO.  相似文献   

Directional dependence of P- and S-wave propagation and polarization in foliated rocks from the Kola superdeep well: Evidence from laboratory measurements and calculations based on TOF neutron diffraction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T.I. Ivankina  H.M. Kern  A.N. Nikitin 《Tectonophysics》2005,407(1-2):25-42

We have measured P- and S-wave velocities on two amphibolite and two gneiss samples from the Kola superdeep borehole as a function of pressure (up to 600 MPa) and temperature (up to 600 °C). The velocity measurements include compressional (Vp) and shear wave velocities (Vs1, Vs2) propagating in three orthogonal directions which were in general not parallel to inherent rock symmetry axes or planes. The measurements are accompanied by 3D-velocities calculations based on lattice preferred orientation (LPO) obtained by TOF (Time Of Flight) neutron diffraction analysis which allows the investigation of bulk volumes up to several cubic centimetres due to the high penetration depth of neutrons. The LPO-based numerical velocity calculations give important information on the different contribution of the various rock-forming minerals to bulk elastic anisotropy and on the relations of seismic anisotropy, shear wave splitting, and shear wave polarization to the structural reference frame (foliation and lineation). Comparison with measured velocities obtained for the three propagation directions that were not in accordance with the structural frame of the rocks (foliation and lineation) demonstrate that for shear waves propagating through anisotropic rocks the vibration directions are as important as the propagation directions. The study demonstrates that proper measurement of shear wave splitting by means of two orthogonal polarized sending and receiving shear wave transducers is only possible when their propagation and polarization directions are parallel and normal to foliation and lineation, respectively.  相似文献   

大学城的另类定位--广州旅游的"太阳"   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张立建  周礼坤 《云南地理环境研究》2005,17(3):62-64

从旅游的角度,运用定性分析和比较分析的方法,分析广州大学城,发现它在广州所有景区中,最有资格和条件担当广州旅游的“太阳”。它位于广州市番禺区新造镇小谷围岛,投资规模、大学数量、占地面积和规划人口容量皆为中国之最,是世界最大的人造景区,具有浓浓的文化氛围、时代气息,能够体现与闪烁广州的灵魂与精神。为此,广州应在大学城的建设中为未来角色创造更好的条件。  相似文献   

The June 2013 Alberta catastrophic flooding event – part 2: fine‐scale precipitation and associated features          下载免费PDF全文

B. Kochtubajda  R. E. Stewart  S. Boodoo  J. M. Thériault  Y. Li  A. Liu  C. Mooney  R. Goodson  K. Szeto 《水文研究》2016,30(26):4917-4933

Data obtained from a variety of sources including the Canadian Lightning Detection Network, weather radars, weather stations and operational numerical weather model analyses were used to address the evolution of precipitation during the June 2013 southern Alberta flood. The event was linked to a mid‐level closed low pressure system to the west of the region and a surface low pressure region initially to its south. This configuration brought warm, moist unstable air into the region that led to dramatic, organized convection with an abundance of lightning and some hail. Such conditions occurred in the southern parts of the region whereas the northern parts were devoid of lightning. Initially, precipitation rates were high (extreme 15‐min rainfall rates up to 102 mm h^?1 were measured) but decreased to lower values as the precipitation shifted to long‐lived stratiform conditions. Both the convective and stratiform precipitation components were affected by the topography. Similar flooding events, such as June 2002, have occurred over this region although the 2002 event was colder and precipitation was not associated with substantial convection over southwest Alberta. Copyright © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

多角度倾斜摄影技术在自动纹理映射上的应用     

王卿 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(10):198-200

利用多角度倾斜摄影技术获取的倾斜影像成果来更新和构建城市三维实景纹理映射成为数字城市建设中的一个重要应用。本文采用基于DLG和3Dmax生成的建筑物模型,结合SWDC-5的多角度倾斜影像,通过自动选择纹理、自动编辑纹理、自动纹理映射等一系列步骤,自动生成大区域建筑物三维实景数字城市。并通过实验数据对该计算方法的可靠性进行验证,结果表明:该系统的数字化程度远远高于传统方法。  相似文献   

青藏高原闪电和降水气候特征及时空对应关系   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

齐鹏程  郑栋  张义军  高丽娜 《应用气象学报》2016,27(4):488-497

基于1998—2013年的TRMM (tropical rainfall measuring mission) 数据,分析青藏高原闪电活动与降水气候特征及时空对应关系,结果表明:青藏高原 (简称高原) 的闪电活动中心在高原中部和东北部,中部最大闪电密度达到6.2 fl·km-2·a-1;但高原降水最活跃的区域是东南部,年降水量超过800 mm。闪电活动和降水随月份均呈现出先西进再东退的特征,但高原东北部强闪电活动区位置几乎不变化。在固定区域闪电和降水月变化具有一致性,活跃期出现在5—9月,呈单峰结构,除西部和东南部外,闪电与降水峰值月份吻合。结合TRMM降水特征 (简称PFs) 资料研究单个闪电表征降水量 (rainyield per flash,RPF) 的空间分布特征表明,闪电活动可以作为高原深对流的指示因子,而RPF可以有效表征深对流系统在整个降水系统中的比例。高原中西部和东北部深对流系统在整个降水系统中的比例最大,而在高原东南部最小,高原东南部的降水更多由暖云降水系统贡献。  相似文献   

雷暴闪电放电活动对电离层影响的研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

张义军  张阳 《应用气象学报》2016,27(5):570-576

雷暴中的闪电放电能够产生强静电场以及电磁辐射场,从而对空间电离层产生重要影响,引起电离层电子密度分布的扰动。研究表明:闪电放电引起电离层扰动的方式有两种:直接耦合和间接耦合。其中,直接耦合主要来自于闪电产生的准静电场及电磁场的作用,在甚低频 (VLF) 反射信号上表现出快VLF事件, 而间接耦合主要是闪电低频电磁波在传播过程中与磁层相互作用,在辐射带产生闪电诱导电子沉降 (LEP) 现象。雷暴闪电活动能够改变电离层从D层到F层的电子密度分布,影响对流层大气和电离层之间的场,导致中高层瞬态放电淘气精灵 (elves) 及红闪 (sprite) 等现象的激发。闪电VLF传输反射信号可用于反演电离层密度的变化,目前已成为一种探测电离层扰动的常用方法,而引起电离层扰动的强度不但和闪电放电参量密切相关,也和闪电放电过程、类型有关。该文重点阐述了闪电放电与电离层直接耦合和间接耦合作用以及导致的相关现象。  相似文献   

浙江省雷击跳闸数据与闪电定位数据统计分析     

张祎  姜瑜君  童杭伟  李浩 《气象科技》2016,44(3):505-509

利用浙江省电力部门雷击跳闸数据、浙江省气象局闪电定位数据,统计分析了2007—2011年电力雷击跳闸事故与地闪数据之间的时空分布特点、雷击跳闸事故与地闪参数及距离之间的关系。结果表明:电力雷击跳闸事故与地闪数据的日分布和月分布均为单峰结构,相关系数分别为0.9905和0.9881;空间分布虽有一定对应,但并非显著相关;导致110kV、220kV及500kV输电线路雷击跳闸的地闪强度主要集中在90kA以下,并且500kV输电线路雷击跳闸对应的电流强度相对较小;地闪与雷击跳闸事故杆塔距离、地闪与雷击跳闸杆塔对应输电线路的距离均主要集中在2km以下。  相似文献   

基于LLS的雷电流波头时间分布特征     

王学良  张科杰  余田野  汪姿荷 《气象科技》2016,44(2):313-318

利用湖北省2007—2013年雷电定位系统(Lightning Location System,LLS)监测的雷电流相关参数资料,采用数理统计方法,对雷电流波头时间的年、季、月、日变化以及累积概率和概率密度分布进行了统计分析。结果表明,正闪电平均波头时间为4.8μs,负闪和总闪电为3.6μs;一年中,正闪电7月波头时间最短,月变化特征大致呈"V"形;负闪和总闪电5—7月波头时间比其他月份短,月变化特征大致呈"U"形。正闪电波头时间季节、日变化明显,负闪和总闪电季节、日变化不明显。波头时间小于等于10μs时,正闪、负闪和总闪电的波头时间累积概率分别为95.5%、99.7%和99.6%,总闪电95%的波头时间大于1.5μs,50%的大于3.1μs,5%的大于6.0μs。波头时间在2~3μs时,正闪、负闪和总闪电的概率密度最大。气温较低月份,波头时间相对较长,反之,波头时间相对较短,其原因可能与雷电流幅值大小有关,具体原因有待进一步研究。  相似文献   

应用系统分析与事故树模型的设备雷电灾害风险评估     

张烨方  冯真祯  王颖波  刘冰 《气象科技》2016,44(2):319-324

分析目前国内雷电灾害风险评估发展现状,针对精细化雷击风险评估需求,以某大桥塔体电梯雷电灾害风险评估为例,在对雷击损坏途径进行系统分析的基础上,引入事故树(FTA)分析方法对电梯雷击损坏事件的致因关系进行了建模、分析与评价,得出电梯雷击损坏事件发生的年预计概率、导致雷击电梯损坏事件发生的关键以及最佳控制雷击电梯损坏事件发生的最有效因素。  相似文献