Dynamics of unsaturated soils using various finite element formulations     

Nadarajah Ravichandran  Kanthasamy K. Muraleetharan 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(5):611-631

Unsaturated soils are three‐phase porous media consisting of a solid skeleton, pore liquid, and pore gas. The coupled mathematical equations representing the dynamics of unsaturated soils can be derived based on the theory of mixtures. Solution of these fully coupled governing equations for unsaturated soils requires tremendous computational resources because three individual phases and interactions between them have to be taken into account. The fully coupled equations governing the dynamics of unsaturated soils are first presented and then two finite element formulations of the governing equations are presented and implemented within a finite element framework. The finite element implementation of all the terms in the governing equations results in the complete formulation and is solved for the first time in this paper. A computationally efficient reduced formulation is obtained by neglecting the relative accelerations and velocities of liquid and gas in the governing equations to investigate the effects of fluid flow in the overall behavior. These two formulations are used to simulate the behavior of an unsaturated silty soil embankment subjected to base shaking and compared with the results from another commonly used partially reduced formulation that neglects the relative accelerations, but takes into account the relative velocities. The stress–strain response of the solid skeleton is modeled as both elastic and elastoplastic in all three analyses. In the elastic analyses no permanent deformations are predicted and the displacements of the partially reduced formulation are in between those of the reduced and complete formulations. The frequency of vibration of the complete formulation in the elastic analysis is closer to the predominant frequency of the base motion and smaller than the frequencies of vibration of the other two analyses. Proper consideration of damping due to fluid flows in the complete formulation is the likely reason for this difference. Permanent deformations are predicted by all three formulations for the elastoplastic analyses. The complete formulation, however, predicts reductions in pore fluid pressures following strong shaking resulting in somewhat smaller displacements than the reduced formulation. The results from complete and reduced formulations are otherwise comparable for elastoplastic analyses. For the elastoplastic analysis, the partially reduced formulation leads to stiffer response than the other two formulations. The likely reason for this stiffer response in the elastoplastic analysis is the interpolation scheme (linear displacement and linear pore fluid pressures) used in the finite element implementation of the partially reduced formulation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

节能型深部找矿长寿命金刚石钻头野外生产试验效果     

刘树华  孙鑫  王迪  苑春雷  田巍  朱英 《吉林地质》2012,31(2):123-127

为提高钻头寿命研究出新的胎体配方及烧结工艺,设计了新的钻头水路,使钻头胎体高度达到12～15mm,新钻头较普通钻头寿命有明显提高,达到试验研究目的。  相似文献   

Three dimensional application of the complementary mild-slope equation     

Yaron Toledo  Yehuda Agnon 《Coastal Engineering》2011

The complementary mild-slope equation (CMSE) is a depth-integrated equation, which models refraction and diffraction of linear time-harmonic water waves. For 2D problems, it was shown to give better agreements with exact linear theory compared to other mild-slope (MS) type equations. However, no reference was given to 3D problems. In contrast to other MS-type models, the CMSE is derived in terms of a stream function vector rather than in terms of a velocity potential. For the 3D case, this complicates the governing equation and creates difficulties in formulating an adequate number of boundary conditions. In this paper, the CMSE is re-derived using Hamilton's principle from the Irrotational Green–Naghdi equations with a correction for the 3D case. A parabolic version of it is presented as well. The additional boundary conditions needed for 3D problems are constructed using the irrotationality condition. The CMSE is compared with an analytical solution and wave tank experiments for 3D problems. The results show very good agreement.  相似文献   

Non-hydrostatic modelling of regular wave transformation and current circulation in an idealized reef-lagoon-channel system     

Jian Shi  Wei Liu  Jinhai Zheng  Chi Zhang  Xiangming Cao 《海洋学报(英文版)》2022,41(10):1-2

The wave-induced setup and circulation in a two dimensional horizontal (2DH) reef-lagoon-channel system is investigated by a non-hydrostatic model. The simulated results agree well with observations from the laboratory experiments, revealing that the model is valid in simulating wave transformation and currents over reefs. The effects of incident wave height, period, and reef flat water depth on the mean sea level and wave-driven currents are examined. Results show that the distributions of mean sea level and current velocities on the reef flat adjacent to the channel vary significantly from those in the area close to the side walls. From the wave averaged current field, an obvious alongshore flux flowing from the reef flat to the channel is captured. The flux from the reef flat composes the second source of the offshore rip current, while the first source is from the lagoon. A detailed momentum balance analysis shows that the alongshore current is mainly induced by the pressure gradient between the reef flat and the channel. In the lagoon, the momentum balances are between the pressure and radiation stress gradient, which drives flow towards the channel. Along the channel, the offshore current is mainly driven by the pressure gradient.  相似文献   

Effects of using altered coarse grids on the implementation and computational cost of the multiscale finite volume method     

《Advances in water resources》2013

In the present work, the multiscale finite volume (MsFV) method is implemented on a new coarse grids arrangement. Like grids used in the MsFV methods, the new grid arrangement consists of both coarse and dual coarse grids but here each coarse block in the MsFV method is a dual coarse block and vice versa. Due to using the altered coarse grids, implementation, computational cost, and the reconstruction step differ from the original version of MsFV method. Two reconstruction procedures are proposed and their performances are compared with each other. For a wide range of 2-D and 3-D problem sizes and coarsening ratios, the computational costs of the MsFV methods are investigated. Furthermore, a matrix (operator) formulation is presented. Several 2-D test cases, including homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability fields extracted from different layers of the tenth SPE comparative study problem are solved. The results are compared with the fine-scale reference and basic MsFV solutions.  相似文献   

浅谈公路工程施工费用的有效控制     

方利鹤  岳枭 《海岸工程》2004,23(3):22-26

招标文件、清单编制、工程变更、计量支付工作是公路工程费用控制的几个重要环节,在公路工程管理中具有非常重要的意义,它们对准确核定工程造价,控制工程投资、确保工程质量和施工进度等起重要作用。主要介绍了公路工程招标、工程量清单的编制、工程变更处理以及施工中计量支付的注意事项。  相似文献   

Interaction of helically wound fibre‐optic cables with plane seismic waves          下载免费PDF全文

B.N. Kuvshinov 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(3):671-688

Distributed acoustic sensing is a novel technology for seismic acquisition. In this technology, strain changes induced by seismic waves impinging on an optical fibre are monitored. Due to the fact that glass is relatively rigid, straight glass fibres are not sensitive to broadside waves. We suggest using distributed acoustic sensing systems with fibres helically wound around cables. One increases the fibre sensitivity to broadside waves by decreasing the fibre wrapping angle (the angle between the fibre axis and the plane normal to the cable axis). The optimal wrapping angle is chosen to minimize the impact of Rayleigh waves on the signal measured. This angle depends on the cable Poisson ratio, and it is approximately equal to 30° for cables composed of plastic. For reliable detection of seismic waves, one needs a good mechanical contact between the cable and the surrounding medium. On the other hand, the sensitivity of distributed acoustic sensing systems to primary waves can be significantly reduced if the cable is placed in a cemented borehole.  相似文献   

Deghosting by echo‐deblending          下载免费PDF全文

A.J. Berkhout  Gerrit Blacquière 《Geophysical Prospecting》2016,64(2):406-420

A marine source generates both a direct wavefield and a ghost wavefield. This is caused by the strong surface reflectivity, resulting in a blended source array, the blending process being natural. The two unblended response wavefields correspond to the real source at the actual location below the water level and to the ghost source at the mirrored location above the water level. As a consequence, deghosting becomes deblending (‘echo‐deblending’) and can be carried out with a deblending algorithm. In this paper we present source deghosting by an iterative deblending algorithm that properly includes the angle dependence of the ghost: It represents a closed‐loop, non‐causal solution. The proposed echo‐deblending algorithm is also applied to the detector deghosting problem. The detector cable may be slanted, and shot records may be generated by blended source arrays, the blending being created by simultaneous sources. Similar to surface‐related multiple elimination the method is independent of the complexity of the subsurface; only what happens at and near the surface is relevant. This means that the actual sea state may cause the reflection coefficient to become frequency dependent, and the water velocity may not be constant due to temporal and lateral variations in the pressure, temperature, and salinity. As a consequence, we propose that estimation of the actual ghost model should be part of the echo‐deblending algorithm. This is particularly true for source deghosting, where interaction of the source wavefield with the surface may be far from linear. The echo‐deblending theory also shows how multi‐level source acquisition and multi‐level streamer acquisition can be numerically simulated from standard acquisition data. The simulated multi‐level measurements increase the performance of the echo‐deblending process. The output of the echo‐deblending algorithm on the source side consists of two ghost‐free records: one generated by the real source at the actual location below the water level and one generated by the ghost source at the mirrored location above the water level. If we apply our algorithm at the detector side as well, we end up with four ghost‐free shot records. All these records are input to migration. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed echo‐deblending algorithm is robust for background noise.  相似文献   

Anisotropic effective conductivity in fractured rocks by explicit effective medium methods     

Morten Jakobsen  Martha Lien  Inga Berre 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(6):1297-1314

In this work, we assess the use of explicit methods for estimating the effective conductivity of anisotropic fractured media. Explicit methods are faster and simpler to use than implicit methods but may have a more limited range of validity. Five explicit methods are considered: the Maxwell approximation, the T‐matrix method, the symmetric and asymmetric weakly self‐consistent methods, and the weakly differential method, where the two latter methods are novelly constructed in this paper. For each method, we develop simplified expressions applicable to flat spheroidal “penny‐shaped” inclusions. The simplified expressions are accurate to the first order in the ratio of fracture thickness to fracture diameter. Our analysis shows that the conductivity predictions of the methods fall within known upper and lower bounds, except for the T‐matrix method at high fracture densities and the symmetric weakly self‐consistent method when applied to very thin fractures. Comparisons with numerical results show that all the methods give reliable estimates for small fracture densities. For high fracture densities, the weakly differential method is the most accurate if the fracture geometry is non‐percolating or the fracture/matrix conductivity contrast is small. For percolating conductive fracture networks, we have developed a scaling relation that can be applied to the weakly self‐consistent methods to give conductivity estimates that are close to the results from numerical simulations.  相似文献   

一次人工消雨试验数值模拟及物理过程分析     

王佳  智协飞  白卡娃  吴海英  王啸华 《南京气象学院学报》2010,33(4):460-468

利用中尺度非静力WRF模式对一次人工消雨过程进行了数值模拟试验。试验结果及实况资料分析表明,在大片的降水云系中对局部的降水云进行过量AgI播撒,由于潜热释放增温使得降水云内的对流加强,促使大量小冰晶在高空向四周流散,云体消散,地面降水量减弱。由此可见,选择合适的作业高度、作业部位是人工消雨取得最佳效果的必要条件。  相似文献