Rainfall and streamflow response to El Niño Southern Oscillation: a case study in a semiarid catchment,Australia     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1006-1020

Abstract

This paper aims to compare the shift in frequency distribution and skill of seasonal climate forecasting of both streamflow and rainfall in eastern Australia based on the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) Phase system. Recent advances in seasonal forecasting of climate variables have highlighted opportunities for improving decision making in natural resources management. Forecasting of rainfall probabilities for different regions in Australia is available, but the use of similar forecasts for water resource supply has not been developed. The use of streamflow forecasts may provide better information for decision-making in irrigation supply and flow management for improved ecological outcomes. To examine the relative efficacy of seasonal forecasting of streamflow and rainfall, the shift in probability distributions and the forecast skill were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the linear error in probability space (LEPS) skill score, respectively, at three river gauging stations in the Border Rivers Catchment of the Murray-Darling Basin in eastern Australia. A comparison of rainfall and streamflow distributions confirms higher statistical significance in the shift of streamflow distribution than that in rainfall distribution. Moreover, streamflow distribution showed greater skill of forecasting with 0–3 month lead time, compared to rainfall distribution.  相似文献   

Dechlorination of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) in water,by nickel/iron nanoparticles immobilized on L-lysine/PAA/PVDF membrane     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2013

In this study, the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbon 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) by bimetallic Ni/Fe nanoparticles immobilized on L-lysine/PAA/PVDF membrane was investigated at ambient conditions through the batch mode operation. The membrane support polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was modified by in situ polymerization of acrylic acid in aqueous phase, then L-lysine was covalently bonded to the polymerized acrylic acid chains with the aid of a water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The modification procedure involved cationic ion exchange with Fe²⁺, reduction to Fe⁰ with NaBH₄ and finally deposition of Ni⁰. The scanning electron microscopic images showed that the Ni/Fe nanoparticles were successfully immobilized inside the membrane using the polyacrylic acid (PAA) as an inter-linkage between PVDF and L-lysine. A systematic characterization of the composite was performed using ATR-FTIR, HRSEM, EDX, HRTEM, XRD, and contact angle measurement studies and a relatively uniform distribution of Ni/Fe was found in L-lysine/PAA/PVDF membrane because of its hydrophilic nature. The obtained Ni/Fe nanoparticles consist of Fe⁰ core surrounded by the Ni⁰ shell. The diameter of Ni/Fe nanoparticles was predominantly within the range 20–30 nm. The immobilized Ni/Fe nanoparticles exhibited a good reactivity towards the dechlorination of the chlorinated hydrocarbon since the concentration of the PCB77 was decreased by catalytic dechlorination with Ni/Fe nanoparticles inside the L-lysine/PAA/PVDF membrane. Dechlorination efficiency of 98% was achieved within 9 h.  相似文献   

STUDY ON FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS OF DY NAMIC SYSTEM OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPED REGION---A Case Study of Foshan in Guangdong Province     

ZHONG Yun  PENG Hua 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2002,(3)

Basedontheliteraturereview，previousqualitativeanalysis，andthemarketresearch，adynamicsystemoftourismdevelopmentfromtheviewofsupplysideisformedforthecityindevelopedregion，whichcanbeappliedtorealizewhichcomponentsaredrivingthede－velopmentofregionaltourism，whatthefunctionsofthemareandwhichfactoristhemainforcefortourismdevelopment．FoshanCityistakenasacaseinthispapertocarryoutquantitativeanalysisandfingeroutthefunctionofeachcomponentintheDynamicSystemofTourismDevelopment（DSTD）．１DYNAM…  相似文献   

Analysis of Turkish precipitation data: homogeneity and the Southern Oscillation forcings on frequency distributions     

M. Çağatay Karabörk  Ercan Kahya  Ali Ümran Kömüşçü 《水文研究》2007,21(23):3203-3210

The homogeneity of newly compiled 212 precipitation records in Turkey for the period 1973‐2002 was checked by the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) and Pettitt Test. Stations were considered inhomogeneous if at least one of the tests rejects the homogeneity. As a result, 43 out of 212 stations were found to be inhomogeneous. In addition, the previously detected Southern Oscillation (SO)‐related precipitation anomalies by the authors were quantified at each station using the gamma distribution. The observed SO‐related shifts in the median precipitation amounts expressed as gamma percentiles may be considered as a typical SO response of that station. The results of this study confirm the wet responses of Turkish precipitations to El Nino events, whereas those for La Nina events seem to be masked by sampling variations within the study period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of paleoproterozoic granitoids: Further evidence on the magmatic and crustal evolution of the São Luís cratonic fragment, Brazil     

Evandro L. Klein  Renê Luzardo  Candido A.V. Moura  Richard Armstrong 《Precambrian Research》2008,165(3-4):221-242

The Tromaí Intrusive Suite is the predominant exposed unit of the São Luís cratonic fragment in northern Brazil. The suite forms batholiths and stocks of granitoids that were emplaced between 2168 ± 4 Ma and 2149 ± 4 Ma and intruded a 2240 ± 5 Ma old metavolcano-sedimentary sequence. The batholiths are composed of a variety of petrographic types that have been grouped in three sub-units, based on the predominant petrographic type, and named Cavala Tonalite, Bom Jesus Granodiorite, and Areal Granite, from the more primitive to the more evolved phases, in addition to subordinate shallow felsic intrusions. The Tromaí Suite is an expanded magmatic association comprising minor mafic rocks to predominantly intermediate and felsic, low- to high-K, and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous granitoids that follow a Na-enriched calc-alkaline trend. Combined rock association, geochronology, Nd isotopes, and geochemical signature indicate that the Tromaí Suite formed from magmas derived from juvenile protoliths modified by fractional crystallization. The juvenile protoliths included ocean plate, mantle wedge, and minor sediments. The data also indicate an intra-oceanic arc setting that possibly transitioned to a continental margin and that the Tromaí Intrusive Suite records the main accretionary stage of the Rhyacian orogen (ca. 2.24–2.15 Ma) that culminated with a collision stage at about 2.1 Ga and gave rise to the present day São Luís cratonic fragment. This time interval is coincident with the main period of crustal growth in the South American Platform and in the Paleoproterozoic terranes of the West African Craton. The beginning of this period is also coincident with the end of a period in which only minor amounts of juvenile crust is found worldwide.The Negra Velha Granite is a distinct unit that forms a few stocks that intruded the granitoids of the Tromaí Suite between 2076 and 2056 Ma ago. Negra Velha is an association of monzogranite and subordinate quartz–monzonite and syenogranite with an alkaline signature that shows high Rb–Sr–Ba enrichments, resembling shoshonitic associations. This granite represents the post-orogenic phase of the Rhyacian orogenesis.  相似文献   

Chemical and geological control of spring water in Eastern Guaniguanico mountain range, Pinar del Rìo, Cuba     

Juan Reynerio Fagundo-Castillo  Joel José Carrillo-Rivera  Iñaki Antigüedad-Auzmendi  Patricia González-Hernández  Roberto Peláez-Díaz  Rebeca Hernández-Díaz  Dámaso Cáceres-Govea  José Ramón Hernández-Santana  Margaret Suárez-Muñoz  Clara Melián-Rodríguez  Mónica Rodríguez-Piña 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(2):247-267

Flows of different hierarchy, which travel through limestone, schist, sandstone and ultra-basic rocks, with ages from the Paleocene to the Jurassic, at Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Río, Cuba, were characterized. The waters were sampled from 1984 until 2004 and the data were statistically processed by means of chemical equilibrium and physico-chemical models, under a flow system view of interpretation. Results demonstrate that the physico-chemical properties of the water are controlled by water–rock interaction resulting from residence time since rainwater infiltrate and the path it follows to the discharge zone and the type of aquifer material the different groundwater flows are in contact with. Geochemical indices allow the definition of the different types of flow (local, intermediate, regional) to be characterized, permitting a further definition of the different flow systems and rock type involved, as well as its use for water supply and medical use. The main geochemical processes which control the chemical composition acquisitions mode are: congruent dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and halite; incongruent dissolution of plagioclase and microcline minerals; pyrite oxidation, sulphate reduction, and silica dissolution at the surface or silica precipitation at deep saturation and circulation zones.  相似文献   

Metallogenesis of the Carajás Mineral Province, Southern Amazon Craton, Brazil: Varying styles of Archean through Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic base- and precious-metal mineralisation     

Christian J. Grainger  David I. Groves  Fernando H.B. Tallarico  Ian R. Fletcher 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,33(3-4):451-489

The Itacaiúnas Belt of the highly mineralised Carajás Mineral Province comprises ca. 2.75 Ga volcanic rocks overlain by sedimentary sequences of ca. 2.68 Ga age, that represent an intracratonic basin rather than a greenstone belt. Rocks are generally at low strain and low metamorphic grade, but are often highly deformed and at amphibolite facies grade adjacent to the Cinzento Strike Slip System. The Province has been long recognised for its giant enriched iron and manganese deposits, but over the past 20 years has been increasingly acknowledged as one of the most important Cu–Au and Au–PGE provinces globally, with deposits extending along an approximately 150 km long WNW-trending zone about 60 km wide centred on the Carajás Fault. The larger deposits (approx. 200–1000 Mt @ 0.95–1.4% Cu and 0.3–0.85 g/t Au) are classic Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits that include Salobo, Igarapé Bahia–Alemão, Cristalino and Sossego. They are largely hosted in the lower volcanic sequences and basement gneisses as pipe- or ring-like mineralised, generally breccia bodies that are strongly Fe- and LREE-enriched, commonly with anomalous Co and U, and quartz- and sulfur-deficient. Iron oxides and Fe-rich carbonates and/or silicates are invariably present. Rhenium–Os dating of molybdenite at Salobo and SHRIMP Pb–Pb dating of hydrothermal monazite at Igarapé-Bahia indicate ages of ca. 2.57 Ga for mineralisation, indistinguishable from ages of poorly-exposed Archean alkalic and A-type intrusions in the Itacaiúnas Belt, strongly implicating a deep magmatic connection.A group of smaller, commonly supergene-enriched Cu–Au deposits (generally < 50 Mt @ < 2% Cu and < 1 g/t Au in hypogene ore), with enrichment in granitophile elements such as W, Sn and Bi, spatially overlap the Archean Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits. These include the Breves, Águas Claras, Gameleira and Estrela deposits which are largely hosted by the upper sedimentary sequence as greisen-to ring-like or stockwork bodies. They generally lack abundant Fe-oxides, are quartz-bearing and contain more S-rich Cu–Fe sulfides than the Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits, although Cento e Dezoito (118) appears to be a transitional type of deposit. Precise Pb–Pb in hydrothermal phosphate dating of the Breves and Cento e Dezoito deposits indicate ages of 1872 ± 7 Ma and 1868 ± 7 Ma, respectively, indistinguishable from Pb–Pb ages of zircons from adjacent A-type granites and associated dykes which range from 1874 ± 2 Ma to 1883 ± 2 Ma, with 1878 ± 8 Ma the age of intrusions at Breves. An unpublished Ar/Ar age for hydrothermal biotite at Estrela is indistinguishable, and a Sm–Nd isochron age for Gameleira is also similar, although somewhat younger. The geochronological data, combined with geological constraints and ore-element associations, strongly implicate a magmatic connection for these deposits.The highly anomalous, hydrothermal Serra Pelada Au–PGE deposit lies at the north-eastern edge of the Province within the same fault corridor as the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au deposits, and like the Cu–Au deposits is LREE enriched. It appears to have formed from highly oxidising ore fluids that were neutralised by dolomites and reduced by carbonaceous shales in the upper sedimentary succession within the hinge of a reclined synform. The imprecise Pb–Pb in hydrothermal phosphate age of 1861 ± 45 Ma, combined with an Ar/Ar age of hydrothermal biotite of 1882 ± 3 Ma, are indistinguishable from a Pb–Pb in zircon age of 1883 ± 2 Ma for the adjacent Cigano A-type granite and indistinguishable from the age of the Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au deposits. Again a magmatic connection is indicated, particularly as there is no other credible heat or fluid source at that time.Finally, there is minor Au–(Cu) mineralisation associated with the Formiga Granite whose age is probably ca. 600 Ma, although there is little new zircon growth during crystallisation of the granite. This granite is probably related to the adjacent Neoproterozoic (900–600 Ma) Araguaia Fold Belt, formed as part of the Brasiliano Orogeny.Thus, there are two major and one minor period of Cu–Au mineralisation in the Carajás Mineral Province. The two major events display strong REE enrichment and strongly enhanced LREE. There is a trend from strongly Fe-rich, low-SiO₂ and low-S deposits to quartz-bearing and more S-rich systems with time. There cannot be significant connate or basinal fluid (commonly invoked in the genesis of Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits) involved as all host rocks were metamorphosed well before mineralisation: some host rocks are at mid- to high-amphibolite facies. The two major periods of mineralisation correspond to two periods of alkalic to A-type magmatism at ca. 2.57 Ga and ca. 1.88 Ga, and a magmatic association is compelling.The giant to world-class late Archean Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits show the least obvious association with deep-seated alkaline bodies as shown at Palabora, South Africa, and implied at Olympic Dam, South Australia. The smaller Paleoproterozoic Cu–Au–W–Sn–Bi deposits and Au–PGE deposit show a more obvious relationship to more fractionated A-type granites, and the Neoproterozoic Au–(Cu) deposit to crustally-derived magmas. The available data suggest that magmas and ore fluids were derived from long-lived metasomatised lithosphere and lower crust beneath the eastern margin of the Amazon Craton in a tectonic setting similar to that of other large Precambrian Fe-oxide Cu–Au deposits.  相似文献   

近3000cal.aB.P.以来东海东北部环境异常及其与全新世ElNiño活动的可能联系          下载免费PDF全文

常凤鸣  李铁刚  庄丽华  阎军 《第四纪研究》2008,28(3):472-481

利用取自东海东北部、冲绳海槽西侧陆坡的重力柱状岩芯DOC082（29°13.93′N,128°08.53′E;水深1128m）,通过对碳酸钙、有机碳和蛋白石等生源组分含量的分析,结合浮游有孔虫、底栖有孔虫、放射虫和硅鞭藻等微体古生物化石丰度的变化以及底栖有孔虫属种组成特征,揭示了全新世东海东北部生物生产力的演变。研究结果显示,近10500cal.aB.P.以来生源组分含量和微体古生物化石丰度的演变趋势十分相似,明显分为3个阶段:约4000cal.aB.P.之前的早、中全新世明显偏低,大约在4000cal.aB.P.左右开始突然大幅度上升,而约3000cal.aB.P.以来的晚全新世以持续的高值为显著特征。生源组分含量、微体古生物化石丰度以及底栖有孔虫内生属种Uvigerina和Bulimina百分含量等指标的变化一致指示,东海东北部近10500cal.aB.P.以来古生产力演变的显著特征是早、中全新世明显偏低,约4000cal.aB.P.左右突然且大幅度上升,大约3000cal.aB.P.之后的晚全新世为生物生产力异常的高值期;同时有研究表明该区域的表层海水年平均温度（SST）也呈现了明显的三段式演变:早全新世10500～8400cal.aB.P.期间为持续的高值期、中全新世SST相对稳定、3100～500cal.aB.P.期间的晚全新世为显著的低SST时期[1]。近3000cal.aB.P.以来古生产力的异常高值和表层海水古温度的大幅度下降说明晚全新世区域海洋环境发生了明显的改变。据东海东北部现代生物生产力和表层海水温度的分布特征和控制机制、结合现代ElNio发生期间中国大陆气候和降水异常以及黑潮暖流变异的分析表明,近3000cal.aB.P.来东海东北部的环境异常可能是对晚全新世ElNio活动显著增强的反应。  相似文献   

云南镍矿地质特征及找镍方向   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

薛步高 《云南地质》2008,27(1):1-11

云南硫化镍矿以与铂钯矿的伴生镍为主（11．76万t）,其中：大理-弥渡（6．85万t）、金平（6．38万t）、元谋-永仁-牟定（5．12万t）。硅酸镍主要在墨江-元江（64．41万t）;蛇绿混杂岩型硫砷化物镍矿（1．73万t）,是云南-大特色。与成矿有关的岩体主要是华力西期,次为加里东期,产出与深大断裂有关。找矿方向应以富宁、金平及景东东山-红河底玛为主攻目标。  相似文献   

Synthesis and characteristics of Sr-dope LaNbO4 ultrafine powders     

TIAN Li-yu  YU De-li  LIU Shu-qin 《世界地质》2008,27(3)

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