Collection and analysis of atmospheric ozone samples     

J. Stehr  D. Krankowsky  K. Mauersberger 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,24(3):317-325

Anomalies found in the isotope ratios of ozone are traceable to the ozone formation process. Metastable electronic states may be responsible for the preferred production of the heavy molecules. While laboratory isotope data and first tropospheric results agree well in the magnitude of isotope enrichments, stratospheric measurements show often higher values. Only through the collection of ozone samples can sufficiently large amounts of gas be obtained to analyze the three isotopes ⁴⁸O₃, ⁴⁹O₃, and ⁵⁰O₃. Collector systems have been developed and successfully operated in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. They will play in the future an important role in atmospheric oxygen isotope studies.  相似文献   

Boundary-layer ozone depletion as seen in the Norwegian Arctic in spring     

Sverre Solberg  Norbert Schmidbauer  Arne Semb  Frode Stordal  Øystein Hov 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,23(3):301-332

Several years of measurements of ozone, hydrocarbons, sulphate and meteorological parameters from Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Arctic are presented. Most of the measurements were taken on the Zeppelin Mountain at an altitude of 474 m a.s.l. The focus is the episodes of ozone depletion in the lower troposphere in spring, which are studied in a climatological way. Episodes of very low ozone concentrations are a common feature on the Zeppelin Mountain in spring. The low ozone episodes were observed from late March to the beginning of June. When the effect of transport direction was subtracted, the frequenty of the low ozone episodes was found to peak in the beginning of May, possibly reflecting the seasonal cycle in the actual depletion process. Analyses based on trajectory calculations show that most of the episodes occurred when the air masses were transported from W-N. Ozone soundings show that the ozone depletion may extend from the surface and up to 3–4 km altitude. The episodes were associated with a cold boundary layer beneath a thermally stable layer, suppressing mixing with the free troposphere. The concentration of several individual hydrocarbons was much lower during episodes of low ozone than for the average conditions. The change in concentration ratio between the hydrocarbons was in qualitative agreement with oxidation of hydrocarbons by Br and Cl atoms rather than by OH radicals.  相似文献   

NO2 total column evolution during the 1989 spring at Antarctica Peninsula     

Manuel Gil  Javier Cacho 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,15(2):187-200

Ground-based visible differential absorption spectrometry during twilight has been used for NO₂ total column observations at the Antarctica Peninsula, Marambio Base (64S, 56W), during the austral spring of 1989 (9 September to 25 November).Results show moderate NO₂ vertical column levels of 1.5 to 2.5×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 in the morning and 2 to 3×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 in the evening until middle October, highly modulated by planetary wave activity. From that date until the end of the period, a steady increase occurs which is associated with the rising of lower stratosphere temperature as the vortex weakens, reaching values of 5×10¹⁵ molec cm^-2 in late November, with small a.m.-p.m. differences. NO₂ is found to be positively correlated to both total ozone and 50 hPa temperature during the entire spring. However, when analyzing the departures from linear trends, a highly negative correlation has been observed from day 301 onwards.  相似文献   

A Eulerian air pollution model for Europe with nonlinear chemistry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Z. Zlatev  J. Christensen  Ø. Hov 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,15(1):1-37

A long-range transport model with nonlinear chemical reactions is described. The model contains 35 pollutants and 70 chemical reactions. This is a Eulerian model defined on a space domain containing the whole of Europe. The spherical space domain (corresponding to the Earth's surface covered by the model) is mapped into a square plane domain and discretized by using a 32×32 grid. The grid increments are equidistant (both along the Ox axis and along the Oy axis). The choice of values of the physical parameters involved in the model and the numerical treatment of the model are shortly discussed. The model is tested with meteorological data for 1985 and 1989. The numerical results are compared with measurements at stations located in different European countries. Extensive comparisons of ozone concentrations for July 1985 with measurements taken at 24 European stations are also carried out. Results concerning three episodes in July 1985 as well as results obtained in the study of the sensitivity of the ozone concentrations to variations of NO _x and/or anthropogenic VOC emissions are presented. The advantages and the limitations of such a model are discussed. The model is continuously improved by adding new modules to it. The plans for improvements in the near future are outlined.  相似文献   

Assessment of the Uncertainties in the NO2 and O3 Measurements by Visible Spectrometers     

M. Koike  Y. Kondo  W.A. Matthews  P.V. Johnston  H. Nakajima  A. Kawaguchi  H. Nakane  I. Murata  A. Budiyono  M. Kanada  N. Toriyama 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,32(1):121-145

The column amounts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) were measured using a visible spectrometer based on the twilight zenith-sky technique at two observatories located at similar latitudes in the northern part of Japan separated by a distance of 150 km. The measurements began in April 1991 at the Moshiri Observatory (44.4°N, 142.3°E) and in April 1994 at the Rikubetsu Observatory (43.5°N, 143.8°E). Since weather conditions and the possible influence from tropospheric pollution were not always identical at these two observatories, the overall accuracy of the measurements was studied comparing these data sets. The first year data obtained at a solar zenith angle of 90 degrees indicated that the NO2 slant column values at sunrise and sunset agreed within 0.36 and 0.54 × 1016 cm-2, respectively, corresponding to 5 % (June) and to 12 % (December) of the columns. The O3 values agreed within 0.76 × 1019 cm-2, corresponding to 4 % (March) 6 % (August) of the columns, although a part of the difference was systematic. The O3 column amounts were also compared to those obtained by the Dobson spectrometer at Sapporo (43.5°N, 143.8°E), whose latitude is similar to these observatories. When an air mass factor of 17.5 was used, the two-year Moshiri vertical column values agreed with the Dobson direct sun values to within 15 Dobson Units, or 3 6 % of the column. The difference between the two values was found to be due partly to the change in the air mass factor caused by seasonal and day-to-day changes in the shape of the O3 vertical profiles. These results confirm the reliability of the NO2 and O3 measurements by visible spectrometers at these sites for the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC).  相似文献   

Flood-type trend analysis for alpine catchments     

Anna E. Sikorska-Senoner  Jan Seibert 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(8):1281-1299

ABSTRACT

In many places, magnitudes and frequencies of floods are expected to increase due to climate change. To understand these changes better, trend analyses of historical data are helpful. However, traditional trend analyses do not address issues related to shifts in the relative contributions of rainfall versus snowmelt floods, or in the frequency of a particular flood type. We present a novel approach for quantifying such trends in time series of floods using a fuzzy decision tree for event classification and applied it to maximal annual and seasonal floods in 27 alpine catchments for the period 1980–2014. Trends in flood types were studied with Sen’s slope and double mass curves. Our results reveal a decreasing number of rain-on-snow and an increasing number of short rainfall events in all catchments, with flash floods increasing in smaller catchments. Overall, the results demonstrate the value of incorporating a fuzzy flood-type classification into flood trend analyses.  相似文献   

The possible influences of the increasing anthropogenic emissions in India on tropospheric ozone and OH   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

LIU Yu  LI Weiliang  ZHOU Xiuji  I.S.A.ISAKSEN  J.K.SUNDET  HE Jinhai 《大气科学进展》2003,20(6):968-977

A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the influences of the increasing anthropogenic emission in India. The model is capable of reproducing the observational results of the INDOEX experiment and the measurements in summer over India well. The model results show that when NOx and CO emissions in India are doubled, ozone concentration increases, and global average OH decreases a little. Under the effects of the Indian summer monsoon, NOx and CO in India are efficiently transported into the middle and upper troposphere by the upward current and the convective activities so that the NOx, CO, and ozone in the middle and upper troposphere significantly increase with the increasing NOx and CO emissions. These increases extensively influence a part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, and persist from June to September.  相似文献   

Parameterization of the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium source function with chemical production by an equivalent two-level model     

Xun ZHU 《大气科学进展》2003,20(4):487-495

The classic two-level or equivalent two-level model that includes only the statistical equilibriumof radiative and thermal processes of excitation and quenching between two vibrational energy levelsis extended by adding chemical production to the rate equations. The modifications to the non-localthermodynamic equilibrium source function and cooling rate are parameterized by φc, which characterizesthe ratio of chemical production to collisional quenching. For applications of broadband emission of O3 at9.6 μm, the non-LTE effect of chemical production on the cooling rate and limb emission is proportionalto the ratio of O to O3. For a typical [O]/[O3], the maximum enhancements of limb radiance and coolingrate are about 15%-30% and 0.03-0.05 K day-1, respectively, both occurring near the mesopause regions.This suggests that the broadband limb radiance above ～80 km is sensitive to O3 density but not sensitiveto the direct cooling rate along the line-of-sight, which makes O3 retrieval feasible but the direct coolingrate retrieval difficult by using the O3 9.6 μm band limb emission.  相似文献   

平流层和中层大气研究的进展   总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12  

吕达仁  陈洪滨 《大气科学》2003,27(4):750-769

平流层和中层大气研究是20世纪70年代以来持续得到大气科学界和日地物理界共同关注的研究前沿.中国科学界在文化大革命结束后立即抓住这一前沿作为发展重点之一.20多年来,中国科学院大气物理研究所等单位较为系统地开展了这一方向的研究,并在一些方面进行了前沿性的工作.作者着重介绍以下几方面的进展:(1)平流层和中层大气探测设施与探测方法;(2)大气臭氧、平流层气溶胶的监测与分析;(3)行星波在中层大气环流与大气臭氧分布中的作用;(4)重力波在中层大气的传播特征与作用;(5)平流层-对流层交换的动力物理与化学问题.  相似文献   

Study on Ozone Change over the Tibetan Plateau   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

ZHOU Xiuji  LI Weiliang  CHEN Longxun  LIU Yu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2006,20(2):129-143

This paper reviewed the main results with respect to the discovery of low center of total column ozone (TCO) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer, and its formation mechanism. Some important advances are summarized as follows: The fact is discovered that there is a TCO low center over the TP in summer, and the features of the background circulation over the TP are analyzed; it is confirmed that the TP is a pathway of mass exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere, and it influences the TCO low center over the TP in summer; models reproduce the TCO low center over the TP in summer, and the formation mechanism is explored; in addition, the analyses and diagnoses of the observation data indicate that not only there is the TCO low center over the TP in summer, but also TCO decrease trend over the TP is one of the strong centers of TCO decrease trend in the same latitude; finally, the model predicts the future TCO change over the TP.  相似文献